夏天英文十篇

时间:2023-03-15 05:39:07

夏天英文

夏天英文篇1

美妙的夏天英语作文【1】

When July comes, it is the hottest time of the whole summer. Many of my friends have chosen to travel to the cool place, so as to avoid the stuffy air. As for me, I don’t like to travel in this hot weather. I just want to stay indoors and enjoy the quiet moment. I like to sit near the window, watching outside scenery. Sometimes I will read some books,  enjoy the novel and make myself lost in the fiction world. The things I like to do most is to find a coffee shop and then choose a table that is near the window, so that I can see all the situation. I will bring my computer and then play the computer for the whole afternoon. It is what I like to do in the summer. I enjoy it.

七月到来之际,是整个夏天最热的时候。我很多朋友都选择去凉爽的地方旅行,顺便躲避闷热的空气。对于我来说,我不喜欢在这种炎热的天气旅行,我只想呆在家里,享受安静的时刻。我喜欢坐在窗户旁边,看外面的风景。有时我会看一些书,享受小说的熏陶,沉迷于小说的世界里。我最喜欢做的事就是找一家咖啡店,然后选择一张靠近窗户的桌子,这样我就可以看到所有的场景。我会带上我的电脑,然后玩一整个下午。这是我在夏天喜欢做的事。我也非常享受这样的时刻。

美妙的夏天英语作文【2】

Last summer, my friend asked me to go to his hometown to spend the summer vacation. I asked my parents for permission and they said yes. When I got to his place, I was so surprised because there was a beach near his house. It was so beautiful, many kids played there. The water was so blue under the sunshine. It was so fun to swim in the water. In the morning, I woke up early and took a walk along the beach, and I could hear the sea water’s coming voice. I saw a lot of people traveled here and took pictures. In the evening, when the sun was down, we played the games and sometimes we swam. It was such a good memory for me. I liked the leisure lifestyle. When summer comes, I will always think of the happy days in the beach.

去年夏天,我的朋友邀请我去他的家乡过暑假。我问父母的意见,得到了他们的同意了。当我到达朋友的地方时,我很惊讶,因为他家附近有海滩。非常美丽,很多小孩在玩耍。阳光下的水很蓝。在水里游泳非常的有趣。第二天早上,我醒得早,沿着海滩散步,可以听到海水的声音。我看到很多人来这里旅游、拍照片。傍晚,太阳下山后,我们玩游戏,有时候游泳。这对我来说是一段美好的记忆,我喜欢这种休闲的生活方式。当夏天来临的时候,我总是会想到海边快乐的日子。

美妙的夏天英语作文【3】

This summer, I move to a new city with my parents, and I transfer to a new school. I used to live in the countryside, so my new life is so different from before. The school is a little far from my home, so I go to school by bus. After school, I have many activities in school. Classmates are friendly to me. I learn English now. It's so interesting that I like it very much. Besides, life in city is different. There are many interesting places to go. At weekends, my parents take me outside. We go to the park, the zoo or go shopping. But we are not so familiar with our neighbors. I think we should build good relationship with them.

这个夏天,我和爸爸妈妈搬到了一个新的城市生活,我也转到了新的学校上学。以前,我住在乡下,所以我现在的生活和以前有很大不同。学校离我的家稍远,所以我要坐公交车去上学。课后,我在学校有很多活动。同学们对我也很友好。现在我开始学英语了,这门课程很有趣,我很喜欢。另外,在城市里的生活也很不一样,有很多好玩的地方可以去。周末,我的爸爸妈妈常常带我出去。我们去公园、动物园,或者去购物。但是我们和邻居们不是很熟悉,我觉得我们应该建立良好的关系。

美妙的夏天英语作文【4】

I live in the south city, so when the summer comes, the sun is very strong and the air is so stuffy, I feel so uncomfortable. I have a friend from Guilin, she tells me that summer in Guilin is not that hot, the air is cool in the morning. So I decide to spend a month in Guilin. Guilin’s mountain and water are special, the water is clean and the mountain has many shapes. It is really comfortable here, the air is so fresh. The most obvious feature of people here is that their skin is white. Because the summer is short here and the sun is not that strong, so people have a good summer time.

我住在南方的城市,因此在夏天到来的时候,太阳很大,空气很闷热,我觉得很难受。我有个朋友来自桂林,她告诉我鬼林的夏天没有那么热,早上空气比较凉爽。所以我决定在桂林呆一个月。桂林的山和水都很特别,水很清澈,山有多种形状。在这里真的很舒服,空气是如此的清新。这里的人最明显的特征就是皮肤白。因为这里夏天的时间短,太阳没有那么大,因此人们夏天在这里过得比较舒服。

美妙的夏天英语作文【5】

Summer is my favorite season. I like to eat ice cream and watermelon in summer. My father and I will go to camp in the summer holiday. He can go fishing, I can go swimming, we can see many stars in the evening. I like  summer very much.

夏天是我最喜欢的季节。我喜欢在夏天吃冰淇淋和西瓜。我的父亲和我会在暑假去露营。他可以去钓鱼,我可以去游泳,在晚上我们能看到很多星星。我非常喜欢夏天。

美妙的夏天英语作文【6】

夏天英文篇2

关于夏天的英语作文(一)

Summer is the great season for all sports in the open air. It is the season for baseball which is often called the national sport because of its popularity. I usually watch television and read the newspaper reports about the baseball results of the newspaper reports about the baseball results of the little leagues. During the summer I like to go to the beach often because it is very close to my home in the village. I usually go there bur in the summer vacation to relax after many months in school in the city. I feel very comfortable with the familiar quiet of the villagers.

关于夏天的英语作文(二)

The flower-scented spring girl is going to have a rest. The hot summer is coming to our side.

In summer, summer mountain is like green, green wave layer. This is a good season to grow, if everybody came to the countryside, you will see many farmers uncle have braved the heat went to the fields, planting vegetables, fruits and flowers...

The sun was like the fireball of an old boss, and the light shone on the man, and the dog stopped barking, and his often large tongue hid in the room for the cold. A line of white smoke comes out of the road where the hot sun is burning, and the foot steps down. The sun is too vicious to deal with us!

When summer girl sadly, at once, the sunny weather has become a gray, the sky clouded over, only heard a loud noise, "flew off..." Suddenly there was a great storm, and the girl didn't know what was wrong and cried so badly.

The rain stopped and the flowers and grass looked more delicate and bright. This summer rain, moistening the whole earth, washed the earth a comfortable bath.

In summer, it is sultry, but it is full of energy and warmth!

鸟语花香的春姑娘要去休息了,骄阳似火的夏天就要来到我们的身边了。

在夏天里,夏山如碧,绿浪层层。这是一个种植的好季节,如果大家来到乡下,你们就会看到许多农民伯伯都冒着酷暑来到了田地中,种植蔬菜、水果、花……

太阳真像一个老大老大的火球,光线照人,热得连狗也停止了叫声,伸着常常的大舌头躲在屋里乘凉。公路被火辣辣的太阳烤得直发烫,脚踩下去一步,就会冒出一串白烟。太阳太狠毒了,竟然这样对付我们!

在夏姑娘伤心地时候,转眼间,晴朗的天气已经变成了灰蒙蒙的,天空乌云密布,只听见一声巨响,“哗哗哗……”突然下起了狂风暴雨,夏姑娘不知道受到了什么委屈,哭的这样厉害。

雨停了,小花和小草显得更加娇嫩、鲜艳。这一场夏雨,滋润了整个大地,给大地洗了一个舒舒服服的澡。

夏天,它虽然很闷热,但是它却充满了活力、温暖!

关于夏天的英语作文(三)

It's almost the end of April. Summer has come to us in my city. In south, summer always comes earlier than north. It has been hot for about half a month. The highest temperature reached 37 degree. Now, there are much less people in the street. People are not likely to go out during the summer. It's so hot outside. Swimming is the most favorite activity in my city. The pools are always full filled with people. Parents often take their children to swimming pool at night. Personally, I do not like summer, because it's too hot and the sunshine is strong. I sweat a lot and that makes me very uncomfortable. Therefore, summer is tough time for me and I always expect winter to come.

快到了四月末了。我所在城市的夏天已经到来。南方的夏天通常比北方来得早。有一个半月的天气会很热,最高温度高达37度。现在,街上的人更少了。人们夏天都不愿意出门,外面很热。游泳是大家最喜欢的活动。游泳池经常人满。晚上,父母经常带他们的孩子去游泳池。我个人不喜欢夏天,因为天气太热了,阳光也很强烈。我出很多汗,这让我觉得很不舒服。因此,夏天对我来说是一段难熬的时期,我总是期待冬天的到来。

关于夏天的英语作文(四)

The summer was coming, and the weather was getting very hot, and people took off their winter coats and put on their short sleeves, and the girls put on beautiful skirts. Summer breath pervaded the air.

The summer sun is hot, the trees are shady, the birdsong cicadas are singing, hiding in the shade of the trees to take advantage of the cool me, still can listen to the singing cicadas is the best string music!

Pond, lotus pond, full of the holy and flawless, pink coquettish lotus, as noble as enchanting, provoked flitting around the rotation, the butterfly flutters, the scene make people linger.

A hot summer day is the children's heaven and earth, the children's favorite sport is swimming, you see, they want to heartily laughing in the water, swooping and play!

The day of June, like a child's face, changeable. I was in the air-conditioned room, eating watermelons and licking the ice. Suddenly, the sky was covered with black clouds, and a few drops of rain fell in the sky, followed by a downpour of rain.

The summer is colorful! Do you like summer, boys and girls?

令人神往的夏天悄悄地来了,天气渐渐地变得炎热了,人们脱掉了冬衣,换上短袖,女孩子穿上了漂亮的裙子。空气中到处弥漫着夏天的气息。

夏天骄阳似火,绿树成荫,鸟语蝉鸣,躲在树荫下乘凉的我,还能倾听到鸣蝉们最拿手的管弦乐呢!

池塘里,莲叶满池,开满了圣洁无暇、粉红妖艳的荷花,似高贵似妩媚,惹得飞燕绕旋,蝴蝶纷飞,此情此景让人流连忘返。

炎热的夏日是孩子们的天地,小朋友们最喜欢的运动就是游泳了,你看,他们三五成群地在水里尽情地欢笑着,打闹着,嬉戏着!

夏天英文篇3

It was so hot and suffocating in the room that I could do nothing, So after supper I came to the yard to relax. Sitting in the yard, I looked at the sky. It was clear without a bit of cloud. Little stars were twinkling quietly like bright eyes.

I looked for the Milky Way, the Altair and Vega, which made me think of the legendary cowherd and the fairy. What a mysterious world it is! All the stars in the sky mix their lays of light together although they are not so brilliant as the sun and not so clear as the moon. They shine also on the ground which turns into a wonderful world.

I love the starry sky in summer.

【参考译文】

美丽的星空

房里实在又闷又热,我什么都不愿做,晚饭后我到院里乘凉。坐在院里,我仰望天空,天上万里无云,星星静静地眨着一双双明亮的眼睛,忽闪忽闪的。

夏天英文篇4

I like university melts in the spring, the fruit of autumn, snow of winter, I like in the summer of a riot of colours.

夏天来了,是谁告诉你的呢?呦,是柳树的柳叶很好看,细长的纸条箱绿色的丝带,让我想起了:碧玉妆成一树高,万条垂下绿丝绦。

Summer came, who told you? Yo, willow willow is very good-looking, paper box thin green ribbon, reminds me of: Jasper makeup into a tree, 10000 dropped the green silk sash.

夏天来了,是谁告诉你的呢?呦,是 小动物们,花园里有蝴蝶、蜻蜓和蜜蜂,蜜蜂在花上采蜜,百花盛开,有红的、有白的.......这真是美呀!

Summer came, who told you? Yo, is a small animal, butterflies, dragonflies and bees in the garden, the bees in the flowers, flowers in full bloom, red, white... It is really beautiful!

夏天来了,是谁告诉你的呢?呦,是贝壳晒太阳,人们在海上游泳、冲浪,可开心了。

Summer came, who told you? Yo, shells, basking in the sun, people swimming in the sea, surf, be happy.

夏天英文篇5

Not only is summer a hot season but also diseases are apt to happen. To us it is neither comfortable nor safe.If we do not wish to get sick, we must pay attention to the following sanitary ways in summer.Both fresh air and clean food are indispensable to us.We must try our best to get (obtain) them.We should take at least one bath every day.Don't wear dirty clothes.

In conclusion, if we can carry out the above mentioned rules, we will neither get sick nor suffer pain.

夏天英文篇6

One day thirty years ago Marseilles lay in the burning sun. A blazing sun upon a fierce August day was no greater rarity in southern France then than at any other time before or since. Everything in Marseilles and about Marseilles had stared at the fervid sun, and been stared at in return, until a staring habit had become universal there. Strangers were stared out of countenance by staring white houses, staring white streets, staring tracts of arid road, staring hills from which verdure was burnt away. The only things to be seen not fixedly staring and glaring were the vines drooping under their loads of grapes. These did occasionally wink a little,as the hot air barely moved their faint leaves.

The universal stare made the eyes ache. Towards the distant blue of the Italian coast, indeed, it was a little relieved by light clouds of mist slowly rising from the evaporation of the sea, but it softened nowhere else. Far away the staring roads, deep in dust, stared from the hillside, stared from the hollow, stared fi'om the interminable plain. Far away the dusty vines overhanging wayside cottages, and the monotonous wayside avenues of parched trees without shade,dropped beneath the stare of earth and sky. So did the horse with drowsy bells, in long files of carts, creeping slowly towards the interior; so did their recumbent drivers, when they were awake, which rarely happened; so did the exhausted laborers in the fields. Everything that lived or grew was oppressed by the glare: except the lizard, passing swiftly over rough stone walls,and cicada, chirping its dry hot chirp, like a rattle. The very dust was scorched brown, and something quivered in the atmosphere as if the air itself were panting.

Blinds, shutters, curtains, awnings, were all closed and drawn to keep out the stare. Grant it but a chink or a keyhole,and it shot in like a whitehot arrow.

夏天英文篇7

When the sun awoke from his sleep, just up to the sky, the ground that it exhibits a busy scene: dog "wang wang" to call on the ground, called while tongue, say "too hot"; People around are out, some walking, some are going to have to buy food, some in appreciate the scenery, the roadside snack car in selling breakfast... Look up at the sky, blue, as the eye can see edge. There are some white clouds in the sky, occasionally, the shape of the clouds, like white cotton, running like a lion, like a round ball...

When the sun rose above the sky in the middle, smartly according to the earth, is very hot, people eat lunch, do not want to go out, only a handful of people in the outside, and the vast majority are unable to come out. Big tree by the road, between the leaves and branches, cicadas are hot dead, kept yelling: "see, see, hot dead! Hot dead! Why the weather is so hot?"

In the evening, when the sun go back to sleep, the weather becomes cool. Taking a walk in the park, many people, the park a place and dance! Trees don't call the cicada, go back to its "house" to sleep, and in the still of the night cricket is the leading role, and it "to play the piano while singing, the voice is very nice.

Anyway, in the summer are the most beautiful scenery in my mind forever!

夏天虽然是一年四季最热的季节,但夏天的景色也很美丽。夏天就像一幅美丽的图画,映照着太阳、天空、树林、各种各样的动物、忙忙碌碌的人们……

当太阳从睡梦中醒来,刚刚升上天空,地面上便显出一片忙碌的景象:狗在地上“汪汪”地叫,边叫边吐舌头,说“太热了”;附近的人们都出来了,有的在散步,有的准备去买菜,有的在欣赏景色,路边的小吃车也在叫卖早点……抬头看天空,蔚蓝的,一眼望不到边。在天空中,偶尔飘着几朵白云,白云的形状千变万化,像洁白的棉花,像奔跑的狮子,像圆圆的皮球……

当太阳升到天空中间时,火辣辣地照着大地,非常热,人们吃过中饭,都不愿意去外面,在外面的只有极少数人,而且绝大多数是没办法才出来的。在路旁的大树上,在树叶和树枝之间,知了也热死了,不停在叫喊:“知了,知了,热死了!热死了!为什么天气会这么热?”

夏天英文篇8

one day thirty years ago marseilles lay in the burning sun. a blazing sun upon a fierce august day was no greater rarity in southern france then than at any other time before or since. everything in marseilles and about marseilles had stared at the fervid sun, and been stared at in return, until a staring habit had become universal there. strangers were stared out of countenance by staring white houses, staring white streets, staring tracts of arid road, staring hills from which verdure was burnt away. the only things to be seen not fiedly staring and glaring were the vines drooping under their loads of grapes. these did occasionally wink a little,as the hot air barely moved their faint leaves.

the universal stare made the eyes ache. towards the distant blue of the italian coast, indeed, it was a little relieved by light clouds of mist slowly rising from the evaporation of the sea, but it softened nowhere else. far away the staring roads, deep in dust, stared from the hillside, stared from the hollow, stared fi'om the interminable plain. far away the dusty vines overhanging wayside cottages, and the monotonous wayside avenues of parched trees without shade,dropped beneath the stare of earth and sky. so did the horse with drowsy bells, in long files of carts, creeping slowly towards the interior; so did their recumbent drivers, when they were awake, which rarely happened; so did the ehausted laborers in the fields. everything that lived or grew was oppressed by the glare: ecept the lizard, passing swiftly over rough stone walls,and cicada, chirping its dry hot chirp, like a rattle. the very dust was scorched brown, and something quivered in the atmosphere as if the air itself were panting.

blinds, shutters, curtains, awnings, were all closed and drawn to keep out the stare. grant it but a chink or a keyhole,and it shot in like a whitehot arrow.

夏天英文篇9

在夏令营,我尽然发烧了,真是没有想到啊,我竟然发烧了呀!自从我上初中以来,我就没有再发过烧了,本打算直到初中毕业都不发烧的,不发烧的事儿啊,就这样打破了,真的是好不甘心啊!!!

在这十二天里,我交了许多朋友——陈献丹、宋世琳、度新怡、徐玉洁、石婧、兰婷俞(都是宿舍里的)、肖明芳(我的干姐姐)!!!这些朋友,我这一生都不会忘记她们的!在这十二天里,他们给予了我很多的帮助呢!真希望能够再见到她们啊,我想,我们一定会再见面的。

我们班有五位老师——孔德强老师(主讲)、李雨蒙老师、辜玉璇老师、郑婧老师、陈果老师(助教老师)。但是,其中有一位老师不知道是什么原因走了(陈果老师),好舍不得他啊!我们在班上分四个小组,李雨蒙老师就是教我们这个组的助教老师呢!我最喜欢李雨蒙老师了呢!

夏天英文篇10

关键词: 巴夏礼事件 火烧圆明园 奕? 近代外交

abstract: the harry parkes event is a sudden incident which happened in the time that the second opium war soon finished. the decision of detaining harry parkes and so on 39 person which made in tongzhou negotiation, not only has the purport of xianfeng emperor, lies in the same view without previous consultation betweent yixin and senggelinqin when handling negotiation even more. from detaining the hostages to solving this event, go through time only more than one month, but nearly become the focus that china and foreign countries carried on negotiations at that time. the qing government responded slowly, in the negotiations not only losed backing on the hostage and strategy, finally caused to the tragedy of burning down the old summer palace. this diplomatic failures, has proved the coming dead-end of feudal national diplomacy of the tradition to us by the deeply grieved famous garden disaster. obviously, for china at that time, the diplomatic modernization has really been an extremely urgent subject.

key word: the harry parkes event burn down the old summer palace yixin modern times diplomacy

所谓巴夏礼事件,是指在第二次鸦片战争的通州谈判中,英法谈判代表巴夏礼等39人被清政府扣押一事[①]。这一突发事件的解决,历时虽短,但牵涉甚广,几成当时中外交涉之焦点。巴夏礼等人押赴京城之时,正是英法联军铁蹄进逼京城之际,而此时,咸丰皇帝仓皇逃往热河避难,只留下恭亲王奕?等与英法会商和局。和谈中巴夏礼事件的解决并不顺利,清政府步步后发,不仅失去谈判上的依托,更最终导致了圆明园惨遭焚毁之劫难。

对于巴夏礼事件,笔者所见国内学者之论著,多分散于各通史著作中,或着力于其人质被扣原因的探讨[②]。本文认为巴夏礼事件的解决与英法联军焚毁圆明园有着直接的关系,因此就二者关系作专题研究,以期更深入探讨巴夏礼事件及其解决过程中清政府的对策。

要弄清通州谈判中清政府扣押英法谈判代表的原因,首先必须了解巴夏礼其人。巴夏礼(harry smith parkes,1825-1885),英格兰斯特拉福德郡人。早年丧父,由其叔父抚养成人。1841年来华谋生,并在澳门学习中文。1842年5月,充任英国驻华公使濮鼎查的随员,参与了对中国的侵略战争。1856年广州领事,因入城问题与广东居民起正面冲突。“亚罗号事件”发生后,极力扩大事态,力主对中国出兵。1858年后,巴夏礼跟随英军北上,任专使额尔金的中文秘书,多次交涉都由他和中方人员进行。[③]

对于巴夏礼,早在英法联军进犯京津之前,清政府方面对他就已经是印象不佳。在英法联军攻陷广州、俘虏叶名琛后被清政府任命为两广总督的黄宗汉,鉴于巴夏礼一手制造了“亚罗号事件”、在广州沦陷后实际操纵那里的政务,于1858年在对咸丰皇帝的上奏中,就已愤恨地表示:“天生巴夏礼,所以祸粤也,不去巴夷,粤难未已”[④];他甚至还张榜悬赏:“生擒巴夏礼者,(赏)数万,杀毙者,数万”[⑤]。不仅如此,在英法联军进犯京津过程中充当英方翻译和谈判代表的巴夏礼,在清朝官员面前表现出来的傲慢无理,较之此前在天津谈判中的李泰国又有过之而无不及。其言辞狂悖、咄咄逼人,令与之谈判的桂良等人心里多怀有怨恨之意,且认定其乃“主事之人”,额尔金惟其言语是听[⑥]。在通州谈判前的9月14日,咸丰皇帝在给钦差大臣载垣的谕旨中,也有明确的表示:

“巴夏礼、威妥玛等系(该夷)谋主,闻明常亦暗随在内,即著将各该夷及随从等,羁留在通,毋令折回,以杜奸计,他日战后议抚,再行放还。若不能羁禁巴夏礼等,令其全数回河西务,亦无不可,断不准去留任意,有碍战局。”[⑦]

由此可见,咸丰皇帝做出这样的决定是以传统“擒贼先擒王”的逻辑考虑问题,既然认定巴夏礼为“谋主”,那么扣押巴夏礼就是为了杜其奸计,为了打乱英法联军的阵脚,缓和局势。然而对战局的没有把握,又使咸丰皇帝在这则奏折中留下了“令其全数回河西务”的转圜余地。因此,尽管有了咸丰皇帝的谕旨,然而是否扣押巴夏礼,其关键还在于具体办理交涉时载垣等人的决断。

天津谈判以破裂告终,英法联军向通州进发、直逼北京,清政府改派怡亲王载垣等到通州与英法谈判。经过四天的反复辩论,9月14日,载垣等接受了英法所提的条件,与巴夏礼达成了停战签约的协议,并就此认为矛盾已经解决[⑧]。不料在17日,巴夏礼又提出了英国使臣向清帝亲递国书的要求。载垣等认为“此事关系国体,万难允许”[⑨],9月12日的会晤中并无此说法,且先前英俄两国也未开此先例,严厉拒绝了英法此举。但巴夏礼则认为,亲递国书乃国际惯例,没有必要列入谈判内容。双方坚持己见,相持不决。于是,载垣等一面向咸丰皇帝报告,一面通知僧格林沁率兵在张家湾将巴夏礼一行人擒拿羁留。而此前,僧格林沁因和局不成之势已显,早在张家湾以南重兵扼守,9月18日面饬恒祺时,又已有“事已决裂,应将巴夏礼等羁留在通”[⑩]之意,故在接到通知后,率部出动,截拿巴夏礼等英法人员39人。至此,通州谈判全面破裂。

由此可以看出,扣押巴夏礼这一决定的最终做出,是由于巴夏礼节外生枝,提出了载垣乃至于咸丰皇认为“万难允准”的亲递国书问题。当然,基于对现实的判断,载垣最终做出这样的决定,其中也有咸丰皇帝所说的铲除英法“谋主”之故。事后载垣就有奏折说:“该夷巴夏礼能善用兵,各夷均听其指使,现已就擒,该夷兵心必乱,乘此剿办,谅可必操胜算”[11]。

现实的无情证明了清政府扣押巴夏礼、“该夷兵心必乱”的一厢情愿的空想,战场上的形势远非如其所料那般“谅必可操胜算”。9月17日,英法对于清政府扣押巴夏礼等人做出了强硬的反应,当日中午,清军惨败于通州张家湾。数日后双方在通州八里桥再次交战,清军再次节节败退。所以,即使清政府中主张杀巴夏礼的情绪高涨,如光禄寺少卿焦佑瀛、署户部右侍郎袁希祖等人联名奏请极刑处死巴夏礼[12],咸丰皇帝也难断下决心,只在其奏折后朱批道:“是极,惟尚可稍缓数日耳”[13],并于9月21日任命奕?为“钦差便宜行事大臣”,接办和局。

英法虽索巴夏礼甚急,但联军的进犯并没有因此停顿下来。9月25日,英法两国拒绝了奕?暂息干戈,所有天津议定和约一一皆准并派员定期会办的照会,并复照限期三日释还被押英法员弁,全部条件盖印画押,否则“登时领兵前进,攻破京师而占据之”[14]。随后两天,英法两国又反复照会要求放人,双方交涉一时以巴夏礼为中心。然而,奕?发给英国公使额尔金的多次照会,意见仍与英法“先放人后议和”的要求相悖[15]。双方为此相持不下,额尔金遂于9月30日宣布停止交涉,将此事移交联军司令部处理[16]。10月5日,英法联军进逼北京德胜门、安定门两门,并于次日凌晨直扑清军守备空虚的海淀一带,在“无一兵一骑出而御之”的情况下,占据圆明园,与当地土匪一起,大肆抢劫[17]。

在英法联军步步进逼之时,咸丰皇帝做出的反应是在三易钦差之后北走热河,留下恭亲王奕?留守京城,督办和局。这个时候,热河成了遥制京城谈判的中心,随着战局的变化,清政府内部争论愈盛,政策摇摆不定,一步步制约着前台的谈判。八里桥战败后,原先积极主战的僧格林沁、瑞麟等因连战失利纷纷转变思想,深盼和议速成[18]。身在热河的咸丰皇帝,在了解到京城官兵战守失据的情形后,亦于10月2日下旨给奕?等人:

“……当谕令相机办理,朕亦不为遥制,总期抚局早成,朕即可及早回銮,镇定人心。……如肯遵照恭亲王等所给照会,退至张家湾一带,酌定适中之地,定期各派委员,将在津续定条约盖因画押,将巴夏礼等送回,固属至善;如必不肯遵行,或并无照复前来,不必待其进攻城池,莫若既将所获巴酋等全行送还,以示大方,尚可冀其从此罢兵换约,不值得为此数十夷丑,致令亿万生灵俱遭涂炭。”[19]

咸丰皇帝虽然给了奕?相机行事、斟酌办理的大权,但并未放松亲递国书一节。兵临城下之时,战心又起,复又主张放还巴夏礼应以和局已成为条件。这其间,咸丰皇帝态度的种种变化,对谈判前台的奕?牵制极大。

早在奕?初上外交前台之时,战场上的形势就已不乐观。在拿不出任何退敌之策,万般无奈之下,奕?最后还是将巴夏礼作为应付英法的砝码。由于英法索人甚急,奕?因此认定巴夏礼地位非凡,奇货可居。故而从9月23日开始,一面与英法多有照会往来,要求先退兵,再画押(即订约),最后释放巴夏礼等[20];一面在巴夏礼身上寻找突破口,欲借以弭兵事,于是设法促使巴夏礼致函英法退兵。然而,与英法的照会并没有取得多大的进展,奕?“俟贵大臣到京日,选择严肃处所,设立香案,由本爵代接贵国国书,置之案上,以昭礼敬”[21]的建议未被采纳;英法始终认为亲递国书,“此凡在礼义之邦,无有不知,无不奉行。遇有自谓礼议(义)之国,不用此礼相待,斯虽言称和好,而实滋他国之疑异”[22]。双方在国书是否亲递,先放人还是先和谈的问题上固执己见,不予妥协,巴夏礼被扣一事遂成骑虎难下之势。然而,奕?并未按联军要求在三日之内释放巴夏礼,只是在9月29日将其移至高庙,款之以礼,并派恒祺、桂良等人多次游说[23]。10月3日,奕?在给英使的照会中提出:“希照十九日(10月3日)本爵照复,我两国彼此酌量退兵,以便择适中之地,派员前往会晤,并照巴领事官与本爵所派委员面议妥办,永敦和好。”[24]然而,奕?派员直接与巴夏礼谈判的意图仍然没有被采纳,额尔金在强大的军事后盾下,态度更为强硬,坚决主张留京员弁务必立即放出,不可更移。

而巴夏礼被扣之后,态度桀骜不驯,对于奕?等要求致书英法联军头目、促其停战议和之事多次予以拒绝。后虽有所松动,但仍然坚持写英文不写汉文[25]。移至高庙后,受到较高的礼遇。不仅有恒祺伴其闲话,东麟堂为其承办肴馔,后更有奕?的重礼相赠[26]。故而答应致书城外,言:“恭邸人甚明白,中国相待亦好,暂缓攻城”。后又有两次致书城外,一曰:“退兵到张家湾,河西务,再候议局”;一曰:“令删去亲递国书一节”[27]。可惜的是,在巴夏礼身上取得的进展并未能阻止联军的步步进逼,兵临城下之时,双方仍为先定和约还是先放人的问题相持不下,局势再度僵化。巴夏礼在得知英法将继续进攻的消息后,在给威妥玛复函中表示:“不要为我等在此,遂阻进兵”[28]。

交涉无果之下,联军很快进至德胜、安定两门。此刻的奕?虽不敢违背圣谕,亦恐承担破城之责,因而急于了结巴夏礼之事,以阻止联军的进一步进逼。然而,正式应允放还巴夏礼等人的照会未抵,圆明园已遭劫难[29]。当晚,法国军队先行侵入圆明园,园内殿座焚烧数处,居于园中的常嫔因惊吓过度自缢身亡,总关内务府大臣文丰投福海殉难,守园的步兵统领中营官兵也逃散一空。随即,在英法两军头目开完分赃会议、达成协议之后,英国军队也成群结队地闯入园内,对这座清政府经营百余年,综合中外建筑艺术,珍藏着中国历代图书典籍、文物书画和珍珠奇宝的皇家园林进行了持续两天的公然劫掠和拍卖。此间,奕?得报之后仓皇转移,避至长辛店,留恒祺在京与联军交涉[30],并致函葛罗说:“和约一签署,立即送回扣压人员。”[31]

10月7日,威妥玛约见恒祺,称未接到昨日照会,并扬言除非立即放还巴夏礼,否则即行攻城[32]。此时的京城,危如累卵,民心大恐,难民逃兵累累不绝于路。京城中留守大臣一方面心忧城破,求抚之心愈切;一方面对奕?久居城外,不肯亲自露面交涉多有不满。于是,在10月8日听闻咸丰皇帝已派出钦差宣谕戮俘后[33],遂与恒祺公议将巴夏礼等八人释放,并由恒祺亲自护送至联军军营。

此举一出,奕?已是鞭长莫及。圆明园既失,所筹援兵未齐,剿抚均难措手;巴夏礼被释,更使和谈失去了人质上的依托。接下来的谈判举步维艰,圆明园的命运就更堪忧虑了。

巴夏礼等八人被释放后,又经恒祺一番交涉,英法联军终于在10月9日撤出圆明园,退往黑寺扎营。对奕?来说,“谋主”既释,人质外交就已经毫无意义可言。而对于英法联军而言,凭借其强大的军事实力,此刻已是无所畏惧。于是照会奕?,限13日交出安定门,否则立将京城攻开;又致函恒祺,立将所拿获之英法诸人,尚未送还者即日送还,以免攻破京城[34]。其意甚坚,不遵理驳。

面对联军的逼迫之势,奕?因拒绝入城而与留京大臣早有间隙,致使在这一问题上的决策有所不同。10月12日,奕?在给英法的照会中严厉抗议英法焚毁和掠夺圆明园的举动,他在照会中指出:“照得本亲王前经派员以礼优待贵国巴参赞,并与妥商办理续约盖印画押各事宜后,即可以礼送还贵国之人,屡经知照贵国,是待贵国不为不厚。何以贵国兵丁扰及园庭,焚烧殿宇?贵国乃系知礼之邦,约束兵丁,素有纪律,岂有兵军肆意焚掠园庭,而两国带兵官及贵大臣推为不知之理?”[35],然而,在奕?允诺将释放在押欧洲人以拖延时日之时,城内留守大臣已共同商议,令恒祺前往敌营,告知巴夏礼于13日午时开安定门3[36]。至此,联军不废一枪一炮安然入城,反客为主,转有战守兼全之势,和谈终究还是失去了战略上的依托。

事后,奕?对城中大臣开门纳敌的做法虽多有责难,然事已成定局,京师内外受敌,故转而速求和议,询问额尔金、葛罗何日进城换约[37]。可是对英法来说,进城换约已是唾手可得之事,此时浮上水面的却是未被尽释的英法人员的问题。

虽有奕?“未尝苛待,居处适宜,待遇优渥”[38]的保证,然而于10月12日至16日之间,先后被送达联军大营的英法谈判人员,却是另一番情形。其中英人二十六名,死伤各半;法人十三名,七死六伤[39]。《泰晤士报》记者包尔贝更惨遭分尸之祸[40]。此等情形,对额尔金的刺激极大,作为英内阁任命的对华战争全权公使,不能保护前台的谈判人员,又怎向女王政府和公众舆论交代?遂决意对清朝皇帝虐杀外交代表的这一野蛮行为实施报复。额尔金14日拟就的信函中,一面斥责清政府违背国际公法,要求赔偿恤银英三十万两,法二十万两;一面以圆明园乃“英法侨民所受痛心疾首惨刑而死之地”为由,要求将其毁为平地,并“由中国政府出款,建碑于天津,叙明此辈不幸之人拘获死亡等情,及英政府所要求之款,以为此背信暴行之罚”;同时告知奕?,以上责罚未行之前,和议断不能成[41]。

然而,英国此次的同盟法国却在焚园、立碑二事上与其多有分歧。对法军来说,严冬将至,军备不足,对清政府的这些过激的报复行为,易使奕?畏难避遁,致使交涉无望,所以倾向于不提焚毁圆明园及天津立碑纪念二事,盼和议早成。往来信函中,针对火烧圆明园一事,法国人倾向于抢劫,不愿纵火焚毁,然英国人心意甚坚,其理由如下:

“第一,被囚诸人,手足缚系,三日不进饮食,其受如斯野蛮之待遇,即在此地。第二,若对于中国政府所为不顾国际公法之残酷行为,不予以久远之印象,英国国民必为之不满。若现即与之媾和,订约撤兵而退,中国政府必以吾国人民为可以任意捕杀无忌,在此点上必须警醒其迷梦也。皇帝避暑行宫固已被掠,然其所蒙损失,在一月内即可恢复原状。……圆明园宫殿之为要地,人所共知。毁之所以予中国政府以打击,造成惨局者为此辈而非其国民,故此举可谓为严创中国政府,即就人道而言,亦不能厚非也。”[42]

此外,对于先前清政府多次的反复失信,额尔金更觉得毁坏圆明园是唯一解决问题的办法,他解释说:

“要想取消毁坏圆明园这件事,若单要求赔款,在这种扰乱的情形中,中国政府,除了民脂民膏以外,也付不出大笔款项。其次,或是要求清政府交出那般苛待英人,和破坏和约的人们,一些可怜的属员,也许要呈现出来,作替身了。假若要求僧格林沁本人,中国政府大约不能答应,更决不能实行。寻思推绎的结果,只有毁坏圆明园,似乎是唯一的方法,而且这种责罚。仅降在清文宗本身,与人民无关。”[43]

故10月16日,额尔金致函葛罗:“关于派遣中国官员,护送不幸死亡者遗体至津,及由中国政府出款,建立惩罪之碑于天津一节,余愿遵公意,取消此议。惟毁坏圆明园一事,余决不能舍弃而不行也。”[44]劝议无效后,法人“恐启英法二国之隙”,于己不利,除不肯加入焚毁圆明园外,已无异议[45]。

中国方面,尽管奕?与葛罗在此间有信函往来,葛罗在信函中也提及侨民在圆明园被戕害拘留之事,要求赔偿抚恤金和严惩残害被拘外侨之人,但由于葛罗在焚毁圆明园一事上,已对额尔金明确表示:“此说予殊厌闻,予不愿与恭王言之”[46],故往来信函多把眼光放在赔偿抚恤费和换约和议之上,并没有提及英军即将焚园报复之事,致使奕?等人未能对此迅速做出反应,更惶论利用英法之矛盾为自己争得有利条件[47]。直至17日正式接到额尔金的照会,才发觉事情的严重性。然此时的额尔金已是态度坚决,不容疑义,照会中指出:“对于‘圆明园’势必毁为平地,此条故无须奕?之承认,敝军统帅,所已决定,亟待执行者也。”[48]更公然贴出布告:

“宇宙之中,任何人物,无论其贵如帝王,既犯虚伪欺诈之罪,即不能逃脱其应有之责任与刑罚。兹为责罚清帝不守前约及违反和约起见,决于九月初五日焚烧圆明园。所有种种违约行动,人民未参与其间,决不加以伤害,惟于清室政府,不能不惩罚之也。”[49]

因此,待前往阻止的恒祺隔日到达,奕?与之谆嘱商办间,英军已调第一军团的一部共3500名士兵,在圆明园内到处纵火。大火三昼夜不熄,全园变成一片火海,黑烟笼罩,火光冲天,相距20多华里的北京城上空,日光黯淡,如同日蚀。这座举世无双的宏伟秀丽的皇家园林,除少数建筑外,都化为灰烬,与此同时,他们又将清漪园、静明园、静宜园、畅春园等全部焚毁,徒留“断碣残碑,都付与苍烟落照”[50]。

结语

可以说,清政府扣押作为英国谈判代表的巴夏礼,是近代中外战争史和外交史上非常罕见的事例。尽管在中国有“擒贼先擒王”的先例,然而“两国交兵,不斩来使”,清政府是在将巴夏礼等人作为谈判代表接待、而不是与之对垒的状况下将其扣押,不能不说是处置失当。在当时明显的敌强我弱局势下,这种做法对于中国也没有任何益处,只不过是给侵略者又提供了一个施展暴行的借口而已。

不管是为了报复清帝绑架虐杀人质,还是为了掩饰英军劫掠清帝离宫别院的盗匪行为,在圆明园初遭劫难到再遭火劫的短短不到10天的时间内,额尔金毁园的意图已是日益明显。而此时的奕?等谈判人员,眼光都还停留在尽早订立和约、赶紧了事的层面上,并没有就此做出太大的努力。奕?畏敌身处城外,与英法的交涉是仅照会往来,实际走上外交前台的是恒祺。然而以恒祺武备院卿的微职,不可能便宜行事,充其量也只是个跑腿的,事事须到奕?处禀报,按奕?意旨办事。而奕?的行事又受到远在热河的咸丰皇帝的遥制,由于咸丰皇帝对巴夏礼去留问题的态度游移不定和对亲递国书一节的坚持拒绝,使得奕?的书面谈判无法取得进展。

外交讲的是审时度势的眼光与机敏,比的是时间和速度。从当时的情况来看,咸丰皇帝远避热河,其与京师的路途之遥使得往来的奏折圣谕不能快速到达;奕?畏敌不敢入城,又使得对英法下一步意图反应和谈判不能在第一时间内完成。双方僵持不下之时,中方的态度是等待对方的反应和盲目的调兵拱卫京师,未能在谈判上争取主动,可谓是步步走错,步步后发,自然也就无法使本国尽可能地趋利避害。因此,正如奕?事后的奏折中所说:“正在谆嘱商办间,即见西北一带,烟焰忽炽”[51],这其中“谆嘱商办”的环节,不能不说是圆明园免遭火劫的机会上的又一遗憾。

在圆明园的断壁残垣上,我们来考察它100多年前的这一劫难,不能不使人痛感到清王朝茫然不察外情的积习之深、为害之大。巴夏礼事件解决中的外交失败,以惨痛的名园劫难向我们证明了传统封建国家外交的穷途末路。可见,对当时的中国来说,外交近代化已确实是一个迫在眉睫的重大课题。

参考文献:

1、中国史学会主编:《第二次鸦片战争》(中国近代史资料丛刊),上海人民出版社1978年版。

2、舒牧、申伟、贺乃贤编:《圆明园资料集》,书目文献出版社1984年版。

3、《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝),中华书局1979年版。

4、(台)中央研究院近代史研究所编:《四国新档·办理抚局》,民国55年版(1966年)。

5、(美)马士:《对外关系史》(第一卷),上海书店出版社2000年版。

6、樊书华、黄诗玉、卞修权编著:《中华近世通鉴》(外交专卷),中国广播电视出版社2000年版。

注 释:

[①] 笔者查阅《复印报刊资料索引》(中国人民大学书报资料社),在1980至2001年的相关论文中没有“巴夏礼事件”这种说法,用“巴夏礼事件”一词在网上检索也未见相关记录。所以,本文中“巴夏礼事件”的提法还是首次使用。之所以以此命名这一人质扣押事件,主要是因为扣押的英法谈判代表中,巴夏礼是一个非常重要的关键性人物,英方索之甚急,中方也将其视之“谋主”,双方的交涉一度以巴夏礼此人为中心,故以这一代表性人物为该事件命名。

[②] 笔者所见关于巴夏礼事件的论述,在早期的中国通史书中并未提及,90年代以后的通史或近代外交史书中虽有所涉及,但多侧重其过程的描述。专论部分,则多集中于人质扣押原因的探讨,如童远忠《第二次鸦片战争中通州谈判中方扣压英法谈判代表原因考》(《湘潭师范学院学报》,1998年第2期),唐喜平《试论第二次鸦片战争中清政府扣押巴夏礼事件》(《邵阳师范高等专科学校学报》,2001年第1期)。

[③] 中国史学会主编:《人物传记:巴夏礼》,《第二次鸦片战争》(中国近代史资料丛刊)(二),上海人民出版社1978年版,第546-547页。

[④]《黄宗汉奏上年八月后广东洋务情形摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(五),中华书局1979年版,第1595页。

[⑤]《黄宗汉又奏缕陈广州情形宜缓兵蓄威饬拿假冒义勇挑衅之人并与英议退城款项难筹摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(四),第1143页。

[⑥] 《桂良恒福恒祺奏和战急迫已概允所请通州军营应如何办理免致生疑摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(六),第2206页。

[⑦]《廷寄》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2290页。

[⑧] 9月12日至9月14日的谈判,事机尚为顺利,对于巴夏礼、威妥玛提出的咸丰八年所定条约(即《天津条约》)及桂良在津议定之续增条约八款一概允准的要求,载垣等奉咸丰“可许则许”的谕旨,除天津通商一条因桂良业已允许,难以反悔之外,其余各条均同意一经额尔金到通,即行盖印画押,再行进京换约,但其所带队伍,必须悉驻张家湾以南五里外,不许再进一寸。此外,并未别有要求。详见《载垣穆荫奏与巴夏礼等接晤给与照会摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2303~2304页。

[⑨]《载垣穆荫奏巴夏礼照会须亲递国书摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2314页。

[⑩]《僧格林沁瑞麟奏巴夏礼被获英兵进攻我兵退守八里桥摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2322页。

[11]《载垣等又奏巴夏礼复欲令僧格林沁退兵已知照大营将其擒获摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2319页。

[12]《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2340~2347页。

[13]《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2342页。

[14]《四国新档·办理抚局》,(台)中央研究院近代史研究所编,民国55年版(1966年),第246~248页。

[15]《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2338、2358、2401、2405页。

[16]《四国新档·办理抚局》,第318页。

[17]《宝均奏清漪园静明园为洋人土匪抢掠请将郎中文明议处摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七), 第2457~2458页。

[18]《僧格林沁瑞麟奏洋人大队并未前进官兵已难复振巴夏礼应加恩礼以为转圜摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2362~2363页。

[19]《廷寄》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2383页。

[20] 根据法国档案馆资料,奕?在英法联军占领圆明园之前,四度(分别是9月23、27、29日和10月1日)致函葛罗男爵抗议联军的进发,先签署和约再放人质。参见郁宗成《法国档案馆有关英法联军侵略中国的史料》,《历史档案》,1983年第1期,第124~125页。

[21] 《奕?为所有天津议定和约一一皆准并希派员定期会办事给英法照会》,《第二次鸦片战争》(五),第133页。

[22]《英使为限期三日内释还被押英法员弁并应允全部条件盖印画押方能停止进兵事照会》《第二次鸦片战争》(五),第135页。

[23]《钦差大臣恭亲王奕?大学士桂良户部左侍郎文祥奏巴夏礼已提出住于高庙城内战守皆不足恃摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2381~2383页。

[24] 《奕?为转送巴夏礼等信件并要求派员会商退兵事给英使照会》,《第二次鸦片战争》(五),第154页。

[25]《奕?等又奏派恒祺令巴夏礼致信英军未能办理片》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2357页。

[26]《翁文恭公日记》,《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第94页。

[27]《翁文恭公日记》,《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第94~95页。巴夏礼第一封信中,除正文外,“旁写夷字一行。不知何语也?”(同书第442页),《西书中关于焚毁圆明园纪事》中有语:“十月二日,巴夏礼来书求衣,书尾有克罗以印度文附作暗记,谓此为中国人所逼写。”而《奕?等由奏已委恒祺取得巴夏礼汉字信函片》(《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七)第2396页)中有:“惟旁有夷字数行,未能辨识,现闻密云县县丞黄惠廉能识夷字,已札饬调取,俟该员到京译出后,再行酌办。”可见当时已对巴夏礼留的这一手有所提防,然不知何故,书成后第二天,信就已抵联军手中。巴夏礼此举,对日后和谈进程有一定影响。

[28]《巴夏礼给威妥玛函》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2407页。

[29]《奕?桂良文祥奏洋人占据圆明园现退至卢沟桥驻扎摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2413页。

[30]《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2421~2425页。

[31]郁宗成:《法国档案馆有关英法联军侵略中国的史料》,《历史档案》,1983年第1期,第125页。

[32]《奕?桂良文祥奏所发照会未经递到以至园庭被据留京王大臣已将巴夏礼放还摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2421页。

[33]《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第446页。

[34]《奕?桂良文祥奏英法照会带兵守安定门请派大员统带诸军以一事权摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2444页。

[35] 《奕?为同意英法军强占安定门但须明定章程给英法照会》,《第二次鸦片战争》(五),第177页。

[36]《僧格林沁瑞麟奏统兵不足御敌洋兵已经进城西北郊兵匪现饬拿办摺》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2452页。

[37]《奕?等又奏前派员送和约用宝现派马队接护前来片》,《筹办夷务始末》(咸丰朝)(七),第2456页。

[38]《额尔金爵士拟致恭王函》,《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第449页。

[39]《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第455页。关于这三十九名被扣押谈判人员的详细情况,“被捕的二十六名英国人中,有十三名——巴夏礼、洛奇、一名英国的龙骑兵和十名印度的塞克骑兵——得到生还”,“在被杀害的人中,诺尔曼、包尔卑、安德逊中校,一个名叫费浦斯的英国龙骑兵和八个印度的塞克骑兵的尸体被归还了;布拉巴宗海军大佐的生死不明”,“在被捕的十三个法国人中,有五名——戴斯克雷斯和四名士兵——得到生还;并归还六具尸体,那就是格兰德香浦上校、艾德尔、杜必特和三名士兵的尸体;此外戴陆克神甫和一名士兵的尸体则仍留在那里”。转引自马士《对外关系史》,上海书店出版社2000年版,第685~686页。

[40]《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第396页。

[41] 同⑤

[42]《henry knollys 纪事》,《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第394页。

[43]《henry knollys 纪事》,《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第403页。

[44]《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第452页。

[45] 舒牧、申伟、贺乃贤编:《圆明园资料集》,书目文献出版社1984年版,第148页。

[46] 《葛罗男爵致额尔金爵士书》,《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第453页。

[47] 葛罗原函见《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第453~454页。

[48]《额尔金爵士拟致恭王函》,《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第448页。

[49]《第二次鸦片战争》(二),第400页。