北京导游词范文10篇

北京导游词范文篇1

TheGreatWall

TheGreatWall,likethePyramidsofEgypt,theTajMahal(1)inIndiaandtheHangingGardenofBabylon(2),isoneofthegreatwondersoftheworld.StartingoutintheeastonthebanksoftheYaluRiverinLiaoningProvince,theWallstretcheswestwardsfor12,700kilometerstoJiayuguanintheGobidesert,thusknownastheTenThousandLiWallinChina.TheWallclimbsupanddown,twistsandturnsalongtheridgesoftheYanshanandYinshanMountainChainsthroughfiveprovinces-Liaoning,Hebei,Shanxi,Shaanxi,andGansu--andtwoautonomousregions--NingxiaandInnerMongolia,bindingthenorthernChinatogether.

HistoricalrecordstracetheconstructionoftheoriginoftheWalltodefensivefortificationbacktotheyear656B.C.duringthereignofKingChengoftheStatesofChu.ItsconstructioncontinuedthroughouttheWarringStatesperiodinthefifthCenturyB.C.whenducalstatesYan,Zhao,Wei,andQinwerefrequentlyplunderedbythenomadicpeopleslivingnorthoftheYinshanandYanshanmountainranges.Walls,then,werebuiltseparatelybytheseducalstatestowardoffsuchharassments.Laterin221B.C.,whenQinconqueredtheotherstatesandunifiedChina,EmperorQinshihuangorderedtheconnectionoftheseindividualwallsandfurtherextensionstoformthebasisofthepresentgreatwall.Asamatteroffact,aseparateouterwallwasconstructednorthoftheYinshanrangeintheHanDynasty(206BC--1644BC.),whichwenttoruinthroughyearsofneglect.Inthemanyinterveningcenturies,succeedingdynastiesrebuiltpartsoftheWall.ThemostextensivereinforcementsandrenovationswerecarriedoutintheMingDynasty(1368--1644)whenaltogether18lengthystretcheswerereinforcedwithbricksandrocks.itismostlytheMingDynastyWallthatvisitorsseetoday.TheGreatWallisdividedintotwosections,theeastandwest,withShanxiProvinceasthedividingline.Thewestpartisarammedearthconstruction,about5.3metershighonaverage.Intheeasternpart,thecoreoftheWallisrammedearthaswell,buttheoutershellisreinforcedwithbricksandrocks.ThemostimposingandbestpreservedsectionsoftheGreatWallareatBadalingandMutianyu,notfarfromBeijingandbothareopentovisitors.TheWallofthosesectionsis7.8metershighand6.5meterswideatitsbase,narrowingto5.8metersontheramparts,wideenoughforfivehorsestogallopabreast.Thereareramparts,embrasures,peep-holesandaperturesforarchersonthetop,besidesgutterswithgargoylestodrainrain-waterofftheparapetwalk.Two-storiedwatch-towersarebuiltatapproximately400-metersinternals.Thetopstoriesofthewatch-towerweredesignedforobservingenemymovements,whilethefirstwasusedforstoringgrain,fodder,militaryequipmentandgunpowderaswellasforquarteringgarrisonsoldiers.Thehighestwatch-toweratBadalingstandingonahill-top,isreachedonlyafterasteepclimb,like"climbingaladdertoheaven".Theviewfromthetopisrewarding,hoverer.TheWallfollowsthecontourofmountainsthatriseonebehindtheotheruntiltheyfinallyfadeandmergewithdistanthaze.Asignalsystemformerlyexistedthatservedtocommunicatemilitaryinformationtothedynasticcapital.ThisconsistedofbeacontowersontheWallitselfandonmountaintopswithinsightoftheWall.Attheapproachofenemytroops,smokesignalsgavethealarmfromthebeacontowersinthedaytimeandbonfiredidthisatnight.

Emergencysignalscouldberelayedtothecapitalfromdistantplaceswithinafewhourlongbeforetheinventionofanythinglikemoderncommunications.Therestand14majorpasses(Guan,inChinese)atplacesofstrategicimportancealongtheGreatWall,themostimportantbeingShanghaiguanandJiayuguan.YetthemostimpressiveoneisJuyongguan,about50kilometersnorthwestofBeijing.Knownas"TianXiaDiYIGuan"(TheFirstPassUnderHeaven),ShanghaiguanPassissituatedbetweentwosheercliffsforminganeckconnectingnorthChinawiththenortheast.Ithadbeen,therefore,akeyjunctioncontestedbyallstrategistsandmanyfamousbattleswerefoughthere.ItwasthegateofShanghaiguanthattheMinggeneralWuSanguiopenedtotheManchuarmytosuppressthepeasantrebellionledbyLiZichengandsosurrenderedthewholeMingempiretotheManchus,leadingtothefoundationoftheQingDynasty.(1644-1911)JiayuguanPasswasnotsomuchasthe"StrategicpassUndertheHeaven"asanimportantcommunicationcenterinChinesehistory.Cleftbetweenthesnow-cappedQilianMountainsandtherollingMazongMountains,itwasontheancientSilkRoad.ZhangQian,thefirstenvoyofEmperorWuDioftheWesternHandynasty(206B.C-24A.D),crosseditonhisjourneytothewesternregions.Later,silkflowedtothewestthroughthispasstoo.Thegate-towerofJiayuguanisanattractivebuildingofexcellentworkmanship.Ithasaninnercityandanoutercity,theformersquareinshapeandsurroundedbyawall11.7metershighand730metersincircumference.Ithastwogates,aneasternoneandawesternone.Oneachgatesitsatowerfacingeachother.thefourcornersofthewallareoccupiedbyfourwatchtowers,oneforeach.Juyongguan,agatewaytoancientBeijingfromInnerMongolia,wasbuiltina15-kilometerlongravineflankedbymountains.ThecavalrymenofGenghisKhansweptthroughitinthe13thcentury.AtthecenterofthepassisawhitemarbleplatformnamedtheCloudterrace,whichwascalledtheCrossing-StreetDagoba,sinceitsnarrowarchspannedthemainstreetofthepassandonthetopoftheterracethereusedtobethreestonedagobas,builtintheYuanDaynasty(1206-1368).Atthebottomoftheterraceisahalf-octagonalarchgateway,interestingforitswealthofdetail:itisdecoratedwithsplendidimagesofBuddhaandfourcelestialguardianscarvedonthewalls.Thevividnessoftheirexpressionsismatchedbytheexquisiteworkmanship.suchgrandioserelicsworks,withseveralstonespiecedtogether,arerarelyseeninancientChinesecarving.Thegatejambsbearamulti-lingualBuddhistsutra,carvedsome600yearsagoinSanskrit(3),Tibetan,Mongolian,Uigur(4),HanChineseandthelanguageofWesternXia.Undoubtedly,theyarevaluabletothestudyofBuddhismandancientlanguages.Asaculturalheritage,theWallbelongsnotonlytoChinabuttotheworld.TheVenicechartersays:"Historicalandculturalarchitecturenotonlyincludestheindividualarchitecturalworks,butalsotheurbanorruralenvironmentthatwitnessedcertaincivilizations,significantsocialdevelopmentsorhistoricalevents."TheGreatWallisthelargestofsuchhistoricalandculturalarchitecture,andthatiswhyitcontinuestobesoattractivetopeopleallovertheworld.In1987,theWallwaslistedbyUNESCOasaworldculturalheritagesite.

Notes:1.theTajMahalinIndia印度的泰姬陵2.theHangingGardenofBabylon巴比伦的空中花园3.Sanskrit梵语4.Uigur维吾尔语

Therestand14majorpasses(Guan,inChinese)atplacesofstrategicimportancealongtheGreatWall,themostimportantbeingShanghaiguanandJiayuguan.YetthemostimpressiveoneisJuyongguan,about50kilometersnorthwestofBeijing.

Knownas"TianXiaDiYIGuan"(TheFirstPassUnderHeaven),ShanghaiguanPassissituatedbetweentwosheercliffsforminganeckconnectingnorthChinawiththenortheast.Ithadbeen,therefore,akeyjunctioncontestedbyallstrategistsandmanyfamousbattleswerefoughthere.ItwasthegateofShanghaiguanthattheMinggeneralWuSanguiopenedtotheManchuarmytosuppressthepeasantrebellionledbyLiZichengandsosurrenderedthewholeMingempiretotheManchus,leadingtothefoundationoftheQingDynasty.(1644-1911)

JiayuguanPasswasnotsomuchasthe"StrategicpassUndertheHeaven"asanimportantcommunicationcenterinChinesehistory.Cleftbetweenthesnow-cappedQilianMountainsandtherollingMazongMountains,itwasontheancientSilkRoad.ZhangQian,thefirstenvoyofEmperorWuDioftheWesternHandynasty(206B.C-24A.D),crosseditonhisjourneytothewesternregions.Later,silkflowedtothewestthroughthispasstoo.Thegate-towerofJiayuguanisanattractivebuildingofexcellentworkmanship.Ithasaninnercityandanoutercity,theformersquareinshapeandsurroundedbyawall11.7metershighand730metersincircumference.Ithastwogates,aneasternoneandawesternone.Oneachgatesitsatowerfacingeachother.thefourcornersofthewallareoccupiedbyfourwatchtowers,oneforeach.

北京导游词范文篇2

各位游客朋友：

我们我们现在已经来到了天安门广场。大家可以看一下，我们现在的位置是在天安门广场南北方向的中轴线上，距我们南面的人民英雄纪念碑大约有100米左右的距离。我们今天在天安门广场游览的时间是30分钟。

好好好，大家向我这里聚一下，我先给大家简要介绍一下天安门广场的主要景观。（手势，向北指）大家先向这边看。（稍停顿，待游客目光集中于手指方向）我爱北京--天-安-门。一会儿，我会向大家详细介绍天安门的的沧桑历史。除了天安门城楼外，我还要向您介绍天安门前的金水桥、以及桥前的华表和石狮。大家回一下头，您看到了，这就是庄严挺拔的人民英雄纪念碑了，随后我也将向您讲一讲她的故事。纪念碑南边的建筑就是""纪念堂""，我们今天的行程没有安排大家瞻仰遗容，如果您有意去的话，可以告诉我，我会尽量满足您的愿望。天安门广场东侧的建筑是中国革命历史博物馆，这里陈列了大量珍贵的革命历史文物。和她相对着的，（手势，向西指）西边的这座建筑，就是非常著名的""人民大会堂""。关于她，一会儿我也会向您做详细介绍。

好，大家现在可以在广场上拍照留念。拍照前我给大家提个醒，大家尽量避免站在这条中轴线上拍照，旗杆可能会影响您的拍摄效果。另外，大家如果在纪念碑前拍照的话，建议您到纪念碑的那一侧去拍，在这边是逆光，会影响照片的效果。给大家10分钟时间，拍完照请到这里集合，我在这里等大家。

好了，下面我首先为大家介绍一下天安门城楼。天安门原为明清两代皇城的正门，始建于明永乐十五年（1417），最初叫做承天门，取""承天启运，受命于天""之意。清顺治八年（1651年）重修而改名天安门，含""受命于天""和""安邦治民""的意思。至今已有580多年的历史了，是全国重点文物保护单位。天安门城楼，建筑在巨大条石砌成的须弥座式城台上，造型庄重浑厚，宏伟典雅，是中国传统建筑艺术的典型代表作之一。城楼通高34.7米。城台上的大殿宽九楹（62.77米），进深五楹（27.25米），象征封建帝王的""九五""至尊。大殿为重檐歇山式，朱墙黄琉璃瓦顶。南面设有菱花隔扇门、窗36扇，殿内外立有直径2米的巨柱60根，天花、斗拱、梁枋等处、均绘满了最高等级的金龙和玺彩画，金碧辉煌，极为雄伟壮观。

1988年的元旦，天安门城楼正式对外向游客开放。在天安门高大的暗红城墙中辟有五个券洞门，明清时代，这里的门、桥行走规制森严，中门为皇帝进出专用。皇帝每年冬至往天坛祭天，夏至去地坛祭地，孟春赴先农坛耕籍田，都要出入天安门。那么，在当时，是不是只有皇帝一人才能进出中门呢？这位朋友答的对，不是。大家知道还有什么人可以走这里吗？（稍做停顿）让我来告诉大家。此外，皇帝的父母可从中门入宫；皇帝大婚，皇后可从中门进入一次；新科状元等""金殿传胪""后，可从中门出宫一回。除此之外，严禁任何人进出，否则是要治重罪的。中门左右的两座旁门，供宗室王公和三品以上文武百官通行。过去天安门是座只进喜，不出丧的吉祥之门。

天安门的设计者是蒯（kuǎi）祥。蒯祥是江苏吴县人，明初洪武年间生于木匠家庭，他的父亲是一位有名望的木工师傅，能主建大型工程。蒯祥受父亲影响，从小学艺，勤奋好学，聪慧过人，三十来岁时，已成为才华出众的木工匠师了。燕王朱棣，也就是后来的永乐皇帝，经""靖难之役""取得帝位后，决定从南京迁都北京。永乐四年至十八年（1406-1420），明成祖朱棣调集全国各地的能工巧匠前来北京营建工程巨大、难度极高的天安门（初名承天门）等宏伟建筑。蒯祥以高超的设计方案和精湛的建筑技艺，被推选为皇宫工程的建筑设计师。当时人们尊称他为""蒯鲁班""。蒯祥曾担任建筑皇家宫殿的官吏，直至工部左侍郎等官职，为中国的民族建筑艺术创下了光辉的业绩。

天安门是明清两朝历代帝王""金凤颁诏""的重地，凡遇国家庆典、新帝即位、皇帝结婚、册立皇后，都需要在此举行""颁诏""仪式。届时于城楼大殿前正中设立宣诏台。由礼部尚书在紫禁城太和殿奉接皇帝诏书，盖上御宝，把诏书敬放在云盘内，捧出太和门，置于抬着的龙亭内，再出午门，登上天安门城楼。然后将诏书恭放于宣诏台上，由宣诏官进行宣读。文武百官按等级依次排列于金水桥南，面北而跪恭听。宣诏完毕，就把皇帝诏书衔放在一只木雕金凤的嘴里，再用黄绒绳从上系下，礼部官员托着朵云盘在下跪接，接着用龙亭将诏书抬到礼部，经黄纸誊写，分送各地，布告天下。这种颁发封建帝王圣旨礼仪的全过程，就叫做""金凤颁诏""。好好我国古代有""人生四喜""的说法，也就是""久旱逢甘霖，他乡遇故知，洞房花烛夜，金榜题名时。现在，问大家一个有意思的问题，哪位朋友知道，金榜题名的金榜张贴在什么地方？（稍停，待游客猜测）到底在哪里呢？请听我下文分解。明清时代盛行科举制度，每逢殿试后的第三天，新考中的进士们恭立于天安门金水桥南，等候传呼他们进太和殿朝拜皇帝的礼仪，名叫""金殿传胪""。当在太和殿传胪唱名后，礼部官员捧着皇帝钦定的""黄榜""，带领新科状元、榜眼、探花们出午门，再将黄榜放在龙亭内，在鼓乐仪仗的簇拥下抬出天安门，将黄榜张贴于""龙门""，也就是当时的长安左门外的""龙棚""里，公布天下，这里就是张贴金榜的地方，长安左门的位置大致是现在的劳动人民文化宫门前东南侧。天安门历经沧桑，在新中国成立后，更焕发出了耀人的光彩。1949年的10月1日，主席在天安门城楼上向全世界宣布了社会主义新中国的诞生，天安门不再是至高无上的封建皇权的象征，而成为了一个新生的人民民主国家的标志，在国徽图案的中央，我们可以看到这座庄严雄伟的建筑。建国以后，这里成为国家举行重大庆典活动的场所，特别是每逢国庆，党和国家领导人都要登上天安门城楼主持庆典并和各界群众联欢。

天安门前的金水河又称御河、外金水河。河上横跨七座石桥，中桥正对天安门的中门，叫御路桥，最宽大，雕龙修饰，供帝、后专用。两旁桥名""王公桥""，为宗室王公行走。外侧的两桥称""品级桥""，供三品以上官员通行。以上五桥均为三孔。位于太庙（今劳动人民文化宫）和社稷坛（今中山公园）门前的单孔石桥，叫""公生桥""，为四品以下官员过往。那时门、桥行走等级森严，不得有丝毫触犯。天安门前，也是明清两代进行""秋审""和""朝审""的地方。封建王朝的最高执法机关--刑部衙门，每年五月要把全国各省被判死刑的囚犯名单汇集起来，敬呈皇帝过目。八月中旬，皇帝诏令有关官员在天安门前进行最后判决，这叫秋审。朝审则在霜降后举行，主要终审在北京刑部监狱里关押的死刑犯。这就是为什么以前被判处死刑的人要""秋后问斩""。凡经""秋审""、""朝审""判处死刑的人，立即推出""虎门""--长安右门，押赴宣武门外的菜市口等刑场处决。因此人们对长安左、右门，有""龙门""与虎门之称。即凡出""''''龙门""者，荣登金榜，前程似锦；而押出""虎门""者，则被终判死罪，毫无生还之望。长安右门的位置大致是在现中山公园门前西南侧。

在天安门南北门外，分别耸立有一对雕刻精美、挺拔秀丽的云龙华表。据《淮南子·主术训》记载，远在尧舜时代就有街头设""表木""的做法，用以王者""纳谏""，征求民众意见以治天下。到秦汉时期，表木被改为指路标，叫华表。后来华表经不断美化，便逐渐演变成为中国独具民族建筑特色的艺术装饰品，深为世人所青睐。""""系神话传说中的神异物，用汉白玉石雕成蹲于每支华表顶端的承露盘中，双目炯炯有神，密切注视前方。于天安门里的""""脸朝北，双目紧盯皇宫，名""望君出""，它提醒皇帝不要迷恋深宫生活，而应及时出宫巡视，以利治理天下。在天安门外一对华表的""""则脸朝南，双目向远方眺望，名""望君归""。它时时关注皇帝外巡中的行为举止，如不检点或时间长了，""望君归""就呼唤帝王不得沉米山水、野趣、而应早日回宫，料理国家大事。

天安门金水桥前的这一对大石狮，雕工精绝，造型逼真，威武异常。它们的双目都紧紧注视着天安门前正中的御道（中轴线），以体现它们是封建帝王忠实的卫士身份。朋友们来看西边的这一只石狮，它的肚皮上有一个深深的洞，这是怎么回事呢？这里有一个很有传奇色彩的故事，据说明代崇祯十七年（1644年）四月，农民起义军首领闯王李自成攻打北京时，当他率军冲进天安门前的""T""形广场后，只见皇城的大门--""承天门""就在眼前。对此，他愤怒地拈弓搭箭，只听""嗖….""的一声，正射中承天门匾额的""天""字，顿时众军喝彩，欢声雷动，随后李闯王收起硬弓，挺枪跃马一直奔金水桥冲杀过去。突然，桥头的两只大石狮张牙舞爪，凶猛阻挡去路。闯王见此怒不可遏，挺枪刺去，即刻火花四溅，长枪戳向了一只狮子的腹部。双狮见势不妙，拖着悲惨的哀鸣声，各自退回了原位。现在的这个洞，就是枪伤疤了。

朋友们，我们面前的这条街就是有""神州第一街""美誉的长安街。长安街，当年从长安左门至东单牌楼，名东长安街；从长安右门至西单牌楼，叫西长安街。古时东西长安街仅3.7公里，有十里长街之称，这是京城历史上有名的""天街""，其名取自盛唐时代的大都城--""长安""，含长治久安的之意。长安街修筑于明朝永乐四年至十八年（1406-1420），与皇城同时建造，是明代兴建北京城总体规划的重要组成部分之一。东西平行走向的长安街，与纵横南北八公里长的御道中轴线，在天安门前正好垂直相交成准确的""十""字型经纬座标中心点，从而构成了北京城座北朝南，街巷纵横的总体布局。原东、西长安左、右门前分别均竖有巨型下马碑，上刻""官员人等，到此下马。""古代皇宫内是严禁骑马的，除非是""金殿传胪""时的新科状元，可骑皇帝御赐的高头大马，在长安街上走过，以示""皇恩浩荡""。清王朝灭亡后，内城墙中东西两侧的建国门与复兴门在民国二十九年（1940）被打开的。新中国成立以后，街面被展宽为50-100米，东西长安街的延伸线东达通州，西抵石景山，总长50公里，有百里长街的美称。大家现在随我通过地下通道去天安门广场，上下台阶时请您注意安全。

（天安门广场）

我们现在处的这个位置是天安门广场，位于北京城的中心。其南北长880米，东西宽500米，占地面积44万平方米。可容纳100万人举行盛大的集会、游行，是当今世界上最宏大的城市中心广场和最著名的旅游胜地之一。在明清时代，天安门广场是一处皇家禁地，由宫墙围护，仅设三门。即南有大明门（清朝改称大清门，辛亥革命后叫中华门）、东有长安左门、西有长安右门。三门之间形成一个封闭式的""T""字形宫廷广场，原是天安门前举行皇家活动的重要场所。在""T""形广场的东、西、南三面，当时建有通脊联檐的朝房144间，名叫""千步廊""，以供场内活动之用。清代乾隆年间，又在东、西长安左、右门外加筑""三座门""，严禁行人过往。那时人们来往于东城和西城之间，需要绕行于大清门以南或地安门以北，极为不便。在天安门""T""形广场东、西千步廊外的大片地带，原是明清两代皇家最高官署衙门的集结之地。如：东侧（今历史博物馆一带）有礼部、户部、吏部、工部、兵部、宗人府、鸿胪寺、钦天监和太医院等中央文职机关。西侧（人民大会堂一带）设有銮仪卫（御林军）太常寺、通政司和前、中、后、左、右五军都督府等武职机构。过去有""文东武西""和""东掌生、西掌死""之说，指的就是这些关系到人们生死荣辱的封建王朝的最高权力衙门而言。明清两朝，从天安门""T""形广场南端的大明门（清时叫大清门，今纪念堂一带）至正阳门之间，有一块方形场地，宛如棋盘，故有""棋盘街""之名。当年人们喜爱在此贩卖风味小吃、小百货，以及表演戏曲、杂耍等，情似庙会，非常热闹。由于这里位置显要、威严，人们能在此经商、娱乐，的确非同一般，所以又有""小天街""的美称。新中国成立后，过去的千步廊和长安左、右门等均被拆除，几经扩展修建，从而造就了当今天安门广场的非凡新姿。为喜迎建国50周年的大庆典，天安门广场被整修一新。地面全部用平整漂亮的花岗岩条石铺砌，东西两侧各辟有一块4800平方米的大草坪。广场中的各式华灯及四周的高大建筑物等，均已进行大修饰。1999年10月1日，天安门广场举行了新中国50华诞的盛大庆典，国家主席在天安门城楼上发表了重要讲话，并检阅了盛况空前的阅兵式和群众大游行。晚上，广场中礼花怒放，歌舞飞扬，人们沉浸在无比幸福欢乐的海洋之中！请看在广场北端雄踞的天安门城楼。天安门前高高飘扬的五星红旗。巍峨的人民英雄纪念碑。庄严肃穆的纪念堂，高大典雅的正阳门城楼与箭楼（俗称大前门）。这些宏伟的古今建筑群，自北而南座落在一条中轴线上，十分瞩目。再加上广场西侧的人民大会堂，东侧的中国革命历史博物馆的有力衬托，整个广场构成了一幅气势磅礴，无比壮观的动人画卷。雄伟的天安门广场是中华民族的光辉标志，是新中国振兴腾飞的象征。由于这里政治地位显赫，历史文化内涵极其丰富多彩，所以举世闻名，万众向往。每天都有无数中外游人前来这里观光游览、摄影留念和观瞻每日早、晚的升、降国旗仪式，整个广场呈现一派祥和、幸福的美好景象。

（人民英雄纪念碑）

人民英雄纪念碑是在1949年9月30日召开的中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议上决定兴建的。1952年8月1日动工，1958年5月1日揭幕。来中国访问的外国元首，常在此敬献花圈。这是一座为中国之最的纪念碑，碑身高37.94米，碑座占地3000平方米。须弥座式的双层月台，用汉白玉石雕栏环绕。碑心石长14.7米，宽2.9米，厚1米，重60吨，是用产自青岛崂山的整块紫灰色花岗石雕成。碑顶为民族建筑风格的顶式，显得十分庄严稳重，挺拔壮丽。碑身正面镌刻有题写的""人民英雄永垂不朽""八个镏金大字。碑背面是由主席撰文，总理书写的碑文：""三年以来在人民解放军战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽三十年以来人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽由此上溯到一千八百四十年从那时起为了反对内外敌人争取民族独立和人民自由幸福在历次斗争中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽""碑座四周镶嵌有8幅汉白玉石大浮雕。从东面起按历史顺序排列为：""虎门销烟""、""金田起义""、""武昌起义""、""""、""五卅运动""、""南昌起义""、""抗日游击战争""和""胜利渡长江""。最后一块的两旁，装饰有两幅浮雕，即""支援前线""和""欢迎人民解放军""。每块浮雕高2米，总长40.68米，人物170个，生动概括地反映了中国近百年来人民革命的伟大史实，表彰了人民英雄们千古不朽的光辉业绩。

（人民大会堂）

北京导游词范文篇3

thetourwilltake4-6hours.therouteisasfollows:

outsidetheeastgate-sidetheeastgate–infrontofthehallofbenevolenceandlongevity-infrontofgardenofvirtuousharmony-infrontofthegrandtheaterbuilding-alakesidewalkfromthegardenofvirtuousharmonytothehallojaderipples-infrontoftheojaderipples-infrontoftheyiyunguan(chamberofmortalbeing)-hallofhappinessandlongevity-infrontoftheyaoyue(chamberofmortalbeings)-hallofhappinessandlongevity-infrontoftheyaoyue(invitingthemoon)gateofthelongcorridor-strollingalongthelongcorridor-visitinganexhibitionofculturalrelics-infrontofthehallofdispellingclouds-insidethehallofdispellingclouds-atopthetowerofbuddhistincense-onahilltopleadingfromthebackdoorofthetowerofbuddhistincense-onahilltopleadingfromthebackdoorofthetowerofbuddhistincense-insidethegardenofharmoniousinterest–outsidethesouthgatetosuzhoushoppingstreet-atopthestonebridgeinsidethesuzhoushoppingstreet–ontheroadfromthesouthgateofsuzhoushoppingstreet-ontheroadformthesouthgateofsuzhoushoppingstreettothemarbleboat-infrontoftheruinsofthegardenofcompletespring–alongthelakesidebythemarbleboat-boatingonthekunminglake-leavingoutthroughtheeastgate.

(outsidetheeastgate)

ladiesandgentlemen:welcometothesummerpalace.(aftertheself-introductionoftheguide-interpreter)ihopethiswillbeaninterestingandenjoyabledayforyou.

duringourtour,youwillbeintroducedtotimehonoredhistoricalandculturaltraditions,aswellaspicturesqueviewsandlandscapes.

theconstructionofthesummerpalacefirststartedin1750.atthattime,theqingdynastywasinitsheydayandchinawasapowerfulasiancountrywithvastterritories.themonarchinpowerthenwasemperorqianlong.withsupremepowerandlargesumsofmoney,hesummonedskillfulandingeniousartisansfromalloverthecountrytocarryoutthisconstructionworkinhonorofhismother`sbirthday.after15yearsandoneseventhofthenation`sannualrevenuespent,thegardenofclearrippleswascompletedandservedasatestimonytochina`sscientificandtechnologicalachievements.in1860,thisvastroyalgardenwasburntdownalongwiththeyuanmingyuan(gardenofperfectionandbrightness)byangol-frenchalliedforces.in1888,empressdowagercixireconstructedthegardenonthesamesiteandrenameditthegardenofnurturedharmony(summerpalace).characterizedbyitsvastscopeandrichculturalembodiments,thesummerpalacehasbecomeoneofthemostfamoustouristsitesintheworld.thisisthemainentrancetothesummerpalace-theeastgateontopoftheeavesofthedoorthereisaplaquebearingachineseinscriptionwhichmeans“gardenofnurturedharmony”,whosecalligrapherwasemperorguangxu.thegatethatyouarenowenteringwasusedexclusivelybytheemperor,theempressandthequeermother.allothersusedthesidedoors.

(insidetheeastgate)

thesummerpalacecanbedividedintotwoparts:longevityhillandkunminglake.thewholegardencoversanareaof290hectares,ofwhihthree-fourthsconsistsofalakeandrivers.thisimperialgardenfeatures3,000room-unitsandcoversanexpanseof70,000squaremeterswithmorethan100picturesquespotsofinterest.thelayoutofthesummerpalaceincludesthreegroupsofarchitectures:palaceswheretheemperorattendedtostateaffairs,restingpalacesoftheemperorandempress,andsightseeingareas.enteringtheeastgatewewillcomethetheofficequarters.enteringtheeastgatewewillcometotheofficequarters.theannexhallsonbothsideswereusedforofficialsonduty.thisisthegateofbenevolenceandlongevity.abovethedoorthereisaplaquebearingthesamenameinbothchineseandmanchuriancharacters.thegiganticrockintheforegroundisknownastaihurock,orerodedlimestone,quarriedinjiangsuprovinceandplacedheretodecoratedthegarden.onthemarbleterracesitsabronzemythicalbeast,knownasqilinorxuanni.itwassaidtotheoneoftheninesonsofdragonking.apointofpeculiarinterestisthatithastheheadofadragon,antlersofadeer,thetailofalionandhoovesofaox,andiscoveredwithauniqueskin.itwasconsideredanauspiciouscreaturethatbroughtpeaceandprosperity.thisgrandhallisthehallofbenevolenceandlongevity.itwasbuiltin1750,andwasknownasthehallofindustriousgovernment.emperorqianlongruledthatthehallswheremonarchsattendedtostateaffairswouldbenamedafterthem.aftertherebuildingofthesummerpalace,thehallwasrenamed,suggestingthatbenevolentrulerswouldenjoylonglives.thearrangementofthehallhasbeenleftuntouched.inthemiddleofthehallstandsathronemadeofsandalwoodandcarvedwithbeautifuldesigns.inthebackgroundthereisascreencarvedwithninefrolickingdragons.oneithersideofthethronetherearetwobigfansmadeofpeacockfeathers,twocolumn-shapedincenseburners,crane-shapedlanternsandanincenseburnerassumingtheformofluduan,amythologicalanimalwhichwassupposetohavethepowertopreventfire.thesmallchambersoneightsidewerewheretheemperorqianlongandempressdowagercixirestedandmetofficialsonformaloccasions.ontheverandahintheforegroundofthehalltherearebronzestatuesofdragonandphoenixeswhichservedasincenseburnersonmajoroccasions.theyarehollowandsmokecomesthroughholesontheirbacks.alsoontheverandaaretaiping(peace)bronzewatervatsmadeduringthereignofemperorqianlong.asaprecautionincaseoffire,afirewaslitunderneaththevatsinthewintertokeepthewaterinthemfromfreezing.

(attheentranceofgardenofvirtuousharmony)

wearenowvisitingthegardenofvirtuousharmony,whereemperorqianlongandempressdowagercixiwereentertainedwithbeijingoperaperformances.itmainlyconsistsofthedressinghouse,thegrandtheaterbuildingandthehallofpleasuresmiles.thegrandtheaterbuildingknownasthe“cradleofbeijingopera”wasuniquelylaidoutandmagnificentlydecorated.onseptember10,1984,thegardenofvirtuousharmonyopeneditsdoorstovisitors.therearealso7exhibitionhallswitharticlesofdailyuseondisplayhere.thestaffhereputupcourtdressesofqingdynastyinordertogivethevisitoramorevividimpression.

(infrontofthegrandtheaterbuilding)

thisbuildingis21metersinheightand17metersinwidthandfeaturesthreetiersoftiltedeavesandstages.allofthestagesareconnectedtoaraise,andawinchisinstalledatthetop.awelland5pondsweresunkunderthegroundstage.therearetrapdoorsintheceilingforfairiestodescend,aswellasonthefloorfordemonstosurface.theundergroundpassagesalsoservedasameansofimprovingresonanceandmakingtheperformers`voicesmoreaudible.ofthethreemaintheaterbuildingoftheqingdynasty,thegrandtheaterbuildingisthetallestandthelargest.theothertwoarechangyin(fluentvoice)pavilioninchengde,animperialsummerresort.thebuildingplayedamajorpartinfosteringthebirthanddevelopmentofbeijingopera:sincethecompletionofthegrandtheaterbuilding,manyperformanceswereheldinitinhonoroftheempressdowagercixi.

(alakesidewalkfromthegardenofvirtuousharmonytothehallofjaderipples)

wearenowstandinginthemiddleofarockerybehindthehallofbenevolentandlongevity.itappearsthatthere`snothingspecialahead.however,afterwecleartherockery,wewillreachkunminglake.thisisaapplicationofaspecificstyleofchinesegardening.notfarawayinthelakethereisaislet.itisfilledwithpeachandweepingwillowtreesandservesasaidealplacetoappreciatethescenery.thepavilionontheisletiscalledzhichun(understandingspring)pavilionandischardcterizedbyfour-edged,multipleeavedroofs.

(infrontofthehallofjaderipples)

thisgroupofspecialandquietcourtyarddwellingisthehallofjaderipples.itwasfirstusedbyemperorqianlongtoattendtostateaffairs.itwasalsowhereemperorguangxuofthelateqingdynastywaskeptunderhousearrest.thishallisahallmarkofthereformmovementof1898,emperorguanxuwasempressdowagercixi`snephew.afteremperortongzhidied,empressdowagerciximadehernephew,whowasatthattimefouryearsoldasuccessorinordertocontinueherwieldingofpowerbehindthescenes.whenemperorguanxuwas19yearsold,empressdowagercixirelinquishedpowertohimbutcontinuedtoexertconsiderableinfluence.in1898,thereformmovementtookplacewiththeaimofsustainingthecornprinciplesoftheqingdynastywhilereformingoutdatedlaws.themovementlastedfor103daysuntilitwassuppressedbyempressdowagercixi.theemperor`ssixearnestreformistswerebeheadedandemperorguangxuwasplacedunderhousearrestwhichlastedfor10years.allthebackdoorsweresealedandabrickwaswasputupbehindthewoodenpartitiononeachsideofthetwoannexesofthecourtyard.emperorguangxuwascloselywatchedbyeunuchs.thewallremainsintactfortouriststosee..dynastywhilereformingoutdatedlaws.themovementlastedfor103daysuntilitwassuppressedbyempressdowagercixi.theemperor`ssixearnestreformistswerebeheadedandemperorguangxuwasplacedunderhousearrestwhichlastedfor10years.allthebackdoorsweresealedandabrickwaswasputupbehindthewoodenpartitiononeachsideofthetwoannexesofthecourtyard.emperorguangxuwascloselywatchedbyeunuchs.thewallremainsintactfortouriststosee.(infrontofyiyunguan(chamberofmortalbeings)thiswaswhereempressandempressdowagerofchina`sfeudalsystem.however,emperorguanxuwasnotthelastemperoroftheqingdynasty.thelastinthelinewasemperorpuyi,whoascendedthethronein1908attheageofthree,tooyoungtobemarried.in1912,hewasforcedtoabdicate.duringtheshortreignofemperorpuyi.empresslongyuhandledstateaffairsonhisbehalfinthenameofempressdowager.in1911,arevolutionledbydr.sunyat-sunsucceeded,andtheyearafter,empresslongyuannouncedtheabdicationofthelastemperorofchina.

(inthehallofhappinessandlongevity)

theagedempressdowagercixiwassofondofthesummerpalacethatshedecidedtoliveherefromaprilthroughoctoberofeveryyear.thisgroupofbuildingsservedasherresidence.thisgroupofcourtyarddwellingsconsistsofaforecourtandabackyardwithannexcourtsoneachside.thewholecompoundwasbasicallymadeofwood,whichisidealforventilationandlighting.withitsquietandtastefullayout,thehallofhappinessandlongevitymadelifeveryeasyandconvenient.nowonderoneofempressdowagercixi`spleasureboat.onthepierthereisatalllanternpost.flankingthestaircaseleadingtothemainentranceofthehall,therearebronzecranes,deerandvases,symbolizinguniversalpeace.theinteriorlayoutisthesameastheimperialcourt,withthrone,alargetableandincenseburnersplacedinthemiddle.atmealtime,eunuchs-in–waitingwouldmakeagigantictableoutofthistableandempressdowagercixiwoulddineon128courses.becauseofthismorethan1,800talesofsilverwouldbespenteachmonthonmeals.ontheeastsideofthelivingroomisthecloakroom.thebedroominonitswest.infrontoftheyaoyue(invitingthemoon)gateofthelongcorridorthefamedlongcorridorisahead.facingkunminglakeandintheforegroundoflongevityhill,thelongcorridorstretchesfromyaoyue(invitingthemoon)gatetoshizhang(stonyoldman)pavilion.itis728metersinlengthandconsistof273sectionsandconnectsfouroctagonalpavilions.in1990,itwaslistedinguinnessbookofworldrecords.

(strollingalongthelongcorridor)

thelongcorridorisoneofthemajorstructuresofthesummerpalace.sincethecorridorwasdesignedtofollowthephysicalfeaturesofthesouthernslopeoflongevityhill,fourmultiple-eaved,octagonalpavilions(beauty-retainingpavilion,enjoy-theripplespavilion,autumnwaterpavilionandclaritydistancepavilion)wereplacedatbendsandundulation.thussightseerswillhardlynoticetheriseandfalloftheterrain.asamajorpartofthearchitecturalstyleofthesummerpalace,thelongcorridorservesasaningeniousconnectorbetweenthelakeandthehill.scatteredbuildingsonthesouthernslopewerelinkedtocreataunifiedcomplex.thiscorridorcanalsobecalleda“corridorofpaintings”:therearemorethan14,000paintingsonitsbeams.someofthemareofbirds,flowersandlandscapesofthewestlakeinhangzhou,zhejianprovince.otherspresentscenesfromliteraryclassics.themajorityofthelandscapepaintingweredoneundertheorderofemperorqianlong,whopreperredthesceneryofsouthchina.

(bythedoorleadingtotheexhibitionofculturalrelics)

thisgroupoftemple-shapedstructuresareknownasqinghua(clarifiedchina)hall,alsoknownasarhathallduringthereignofemperorqianlong.theoriginalhallburneddownin1860.afteritwasreconstructed,itwasrenamed.qinghuahallisnowusedasaexhibitionhalldisplayingrareculturalrelicscollectedinthesummerpalace.thehallconsistsof6exhibitionroomswithtensofthousandsofarticlesoftreasureondisplayinturn.amongtheexhibitstherearebronzeware,porcelain,jadeassemblagesfromthemingandqingdynasties,andrareandpaintings.thereisalsoagiganticstoneslab,whichismorethan3metersinheightandwidth.itbearsthehandwritteninscriptionsofemperorqianlongiscommemorationofthesuppressionofarebellioninthexinjiangregion.onlythisslabsurvivedwhentheangle-frenchalliedforcessetfiretothesummerpalace.

(infrontofthegateofdispellingclouds)

nowweareapproachingthecentralpartofthestructuresonthelakesideslope,thetowerofbuddhistincensewithinthehallofdispellingclouds.thehallofdispellingcloudswaswherenumerouspalatineskowtowedtoempressdowagercixi.itwassurroundedbygalleriesandflankedbyannexhalls.intheforecourtthereisapoolandmarblebridges.startingfromthelakeside,thereliesinsuccessionamemorialarchway,thegateofdispellingclouds,thehallofdispellingcloudsandthetowerofbuddhistincense.allofthesestructuresarebuiltonacentralaxisandeachistallerthanitspredecessor.thiswasdesignedtogiveprominencetothelaststructure,thetowerofbuddhistincense,whichwasasymbolofimperialpower.thelayoutofthisgroupofarchitectureswasbasedonscenesdescribedinbuddhistsutras.thisgroupofstructureareamongthemostmagnificentlyconstructedhereinthesummerpalace.

insidethehallofdispellingclouds)

theoriginalbuildingsonthissitewereburneddownbytheanglo-frenchalliedforcesin1860.anewsetofstructureswasbuiltduringthereignofemperorguanxu,andwascalledthehallofdispellingclouds,suggestingthatitwasafairyland.thehallwasbuiltonahighterrace,andhas21room.insidethehallareathrone,screens,tripodsandmandarinfans.onaplatformyouwillseebronzedragons,phoenixesandtripods.atthefootoftheplatformtherearefourbronzewatervats,theancientformoffireextinguishers.the10thdayoflunaroctoberwas,empressdowagercixi`sbirthday.onthatday,shesatonthethroneheretoreceivecongratulationsandgifts.nowwearegoingtopayavisittothehighlightofthesummerpalace-thetowerofbuddhistincense.whatwearenowstandingonisastoneterracewhichis20metersinheight.ithasasemihousedstairwayof100steps,youwilllivefor100years.so,let`sgo!

(inthefrontofthetowerofbuddhistincense)

anoctagonalstructurewiththreestoreysandquadrupleeaves,thetowerofbuddhistincenseistheverycenterofthesummerpalace,andisoneofthemasterpiecesofancientchinesearchitecture.thetoweris41metersinheight,andisbuttressedby8solidpillarsmadeoflignumvitaelogs.withitscomplexstructure,ingeniouslayout,toweringterraceandconvincinggrandeur,thetowerofbuddhistincensewasartfullysetoutbytheimperialgardensandbeautifulscenerysurroundingit.thetoweroverlookskunminglakeandotherpicturesquespotswithinanareaoftensofkilometers.onthewestsideofthetowerstandsbaoyunge(preciouscloudpavilion).itismadeofbronzeandis7.5metersinheightand270tonsinweight.itresemblesitswoodencounterpartsineverydetail.itisoneofthelargestandmostexquisitebronzepavilionsstillonexistenceinchina.lamasprayedhereduringthereignofemperorqianlonginhonorofthemonarchsandtheirfamilies.attheturnofthecentury10bronzewindowswerespiritedabroad.in1992anamericancompanyboughtthewindowsandreturnedthemintacttochina.

(onahilltopleadingfromthebackdooroftowerofbuddhistincense)

nowwecanseethelongandsnakingwesterncausewayandashorterdikethatdivideskunminglakeintothreeareasthatcontainsouthlakeisland,seaweed-viewingislandandcirclecityisland.thethreeislandrepresentthreemountaininancientchinesemythology,i.e.penglai,fangzhangandyingzhou.thispeculiarmethodofincorporatingalakeathreemountainswithinasinglegardenwasabrainchildofemperorwudiofthehandynastymorethan2,000yearsago,bearingtestimonytofeudalmonarchs`slongingforlongevity.asthelegendgoesmanyheavenlyelixirsgrewonthethreemythicalislands.usingartificialbuildingtechniques,theancientchinesebuiltthismasterpiecebasedonthemythtomakethemythicalonappeartobeaccessibletohumans.

(insidethegardenofharmoniousinterest)

settingagardenwithinalargergardenhasbeenoneofchinatraditionalarchitecturalstyles.thegardenofharmoniousinterestservesasafineexampleofthis.thisgardenwasbuiltundertheorderofemperorqianlongandmodeledafterthejichanggarden(gardenofeaseofmind)atthefootofmounthuishan,jiansuprovince.itwasrenamedbyhissonemperorjiaqingin1811.theexistinggardenwasrebuiltbyemperororguangxu.empressdowagercixiusedtogofishinghere.thegardenfeatures10waterfrontplatforms,pavilionsandhallsaswellashundredsofgallerieswithallofitsstructuresfacingthelakeandpools,thegardenofharmoniousinterestisbasicallyagardenofwaterscape.spanningthevastexpanseofthelakeandpoolsarefivebridges,eachquitedifferentfromtheothers.themostfamousofthemisthebridgeknownas“knowing–thefishing-bridge.”itissaidthatmorethan2,500yearsagoduringthewarringstatesperiod,twophilosopherenamedzhuangzihadaninterestingargumentbythesideofapond.zhangsaid,”fishswimtoandfrointhewater.whathappyfish!”huiasked,”youarenotafish.howdoyouknowtheyarehappy?”zhuangreplied,“youarenotme.howdoyouknowidon’tknow?”huisigned,“iamnotyou,therefore,idon’tknowyou.andyouarenotafish,sohowdoyouknowthatfisharehappy?”zhangsaid,“youaskmehowiknowfisharehappy,whydoyoukeepingmethesamequestion?”althoughthegardenofharmoniousinterestwasdesignedafterjichanggarden,itnotonlyabsorbedtheoriginaldesigns,butexceededit.

(outsidethesouthentrancetosuzhoushoppingstreet)

nowletshavealookatlongevityhill.onthebackslopeofthehillstandsagroupofarchitectures.thecenterpieceofstructuresthereareknownasthefourcontinentsandarededicatedtobuddhism.thisgroupwaslaidoutandarrangedinaccordancewithbuddhistcosmology.asidefromamainshrineandstructuresembodyingthefourcontinents,thereareeighttowersrepresentingminorcontinents.theshrineissurroundedbyfourlamaistpagodasandbetweenthemajorandminorcontinents,theretwoplatformsrepresentingthesunandthemoon.theqingauthorityattachedgreatimportancetobuddhism.tofurtherstrengthentieswiththeethnicminoritieswhopracticedbuddhism,themonarchsincorporatedbothhanandtibetanstylesofarchitectureintothisgroupoftemples.furthernorthatthefootofthefourmajorcontinentliesthesuzhoushoppingstreet.builtalongthebacklakeofthesummerpalace,thisstreetstretchesabout300metersandfeaturesmorethan60stores.itincludesrestaurants,teahouses,pawnshopsbanks,drugstoresdyehousesandpublishinghouses.inordertorecreatetheatmosphereofancienttimes,visitorswillhavethechancetoexchangetheirmoneytoancientstylechinesecoinsforusehere.storefrontsaretrimmedwithtraditionalsignboardsandornaments.thecommercialcultureofthemid-18thcenturyhasthusbeenrecreated.

(atopthestonebridgeinsidethesuzhoushoppingstreet)

visitorsmaybesurprisetoseethatthisshoppingstreetisalmostthesameasthatinsouthchina.asamatteroffact,thisstreetwasdesignedaftertheshopsalongthecanalsinsuhzhou.originallyknownasemperor`sshoppingstreet,itwasbuiltduringthereignofemperorqianlong.aftermakingseveralinspectiontourstosouthchinaandbeingdulyimpressedbyitscommercialprosperity,emperorqianlongorderedtheconstructionofthisstreet.theimperialshoppingstreetwasburntdownbyanglo-frenchalliedforcesin1860.thesiteremaineddesolateduntil1987,whenreconstructionbegan.itwasopenedtothepublicinseptember1990.withcommercialcultureasitshallmark,thesuzhoushoppingstreetisavividrepresentationofchina`straditionalcultures.

(ontheroadfromthesouthfateofthesuzhoushoppingstreettothemarbleboat)

thisisthehallofpines.fromittothewestwecanwalktothemarbleboat.thepathweareetakingstretchesbetweenlongevityhillandbacklake.monarchsandtheircohortsusedtostrollalongit.henceitwasnamedcentralimperialpath.alongthispathyouwillseelilacsallaround.hence,thisroadisalsoknownasthepathoflilac.

(infrontoftheruinsofthegardenofcompletespring)

quiteafewuniquestructureswereburntdownduringthereignofemperorqianlong,amongwhichthegardenofcompletespringwasoneofthemostfamous.theruinedanddesolatecourtyardbytheroadsidewasitsoriginalsite,itremainstoberestored.thisgroupofstructurescoveranareaof4,000squaremetersandfeaturesanumberofhallsbuiltonthreedifferentlevels.allofthestructureswereconnectedwithgalleriesandstonestaircases.withitsnaturalandingeniouscombinationofpavilions,ahall,galleriesandrooms,thegardenofcompletespringservesasafinemodelforothergardens.emperorqianlongfrequentlyvisitedthiscompound.

北京导游词范文篇4

北京导游词考试

Atadistanceof50kmnorthwestofBeijingstandsanarc-shapedclusterofhillsfrontedbyasmallplain.Hereiswhere13emperorsoftheMingdynasty(1368-1644)wereburied,andtheareaisknownastheMingTombs.

Constructionofthetombsstartedin1409andendedwiththefalloftheMingDynastyin1644.Inover200yearstombswerebuiltoveranareaof40squarekilometres,whichissurroundedbywallstotalling40kilometres.EachtombislocatedatthefootofaseparatehillandislinkedwiththeothertombsbyaroadcalledtheSacredWay.ThestonearchwayatthesouthernendoftheSacredWay,builtin1540,is14metreshighand19metreswide,andisdecoratedwithdesignsofclouds,wavesanddivineanimals.

BeijingservedasthenationalcapitalduringtheYuan,MingandQingdynasties.UnlikeMingandQingrulerswhoallbuiltmassivetombsforthemselves,Yuanrulersleftnosimilarburialgrounds.Whythedifference?

Thishastodowithpeople''''sdifferentviewsondeath.BeijingnomadscamefromtheMongoliansteppe.MongolswhoestablishedtheYuanDynastyheldthebeliefthattheyhadcomefrom:earth.theyadoptedasimplefuneralmethod:thedeadwasplacedinsideahollowednanmutree,whichwasthenburiedundergrassland.Growthofgrasssoonleftnotracesofthetombs.

Bycontrast,duringtheMingDynastyestablishedbyHanChinesecomingfromanagriculturalsocietyincentralChina,peoplebelievedtheexistenceofanafter-world,wherethedead"lived"alifesimilartothatoftheliving.Mingemperor,therefore,hasgrandmausoleumsbuiltforthemselves.Qingrulersdidlikewise.

StoneArchway

ThestonearchwayatthesouthernendoftheSacredWay,builtin1540,is14metreshighand19metreswide,andisdecoratedwithdesignsofclouds,wavesanddivineanimals.Well-proportionedandfinelycarved,thearchwayisoneofthebestpreservedspecimensofitskinkintheMingDynasty.ItisalsothelargestancientstonearchwayinChina.

StelePavilion

TheStelePavilion,notfarfromtheGreatPalaceGate,isactuallyapavilionwithadouble-eavedroof.OnthebackofthesteleiscarvedpoetrywrittenbyEmperorQianlongoftheQingDynastywhenhevisitedtheMingTombs.

SacredWay

TheSacredWayinsidethegateoftheMingTombislinedwith18pairsofstonehumanfiguresandanimals.Theseincludefoureachofthreetypesofofficials:civil,militaryandmeritoriousofficials,symbolizingthosewhoassisttheemperorintheadministrationofthestate,plusfoureachofsixiypesofanimals:lion,griffin,camel,elephant,unicornandhorse.

YonglingTomb

Yongling,builtin1536,isthetombforEmperorShizong,ZhuHoucong(1507-1566).Hestayedinpowerfor45years.

DinglingTomb

TheDinglingTombisthetombofEmperorWanli(reigned1573-1619),the13themperoroftheMingDynasty,whosepersonalnamewasZhuYijun,andofhistwoempresses,XiaoDuanandXiaoJing.Thetombwascompletedinsixyears(1584-1590),itoccupiesatotalareaof1,195squaremetersatthefootofDayuMountainsouthwestoftheChanglingTomb.

MaolingTomb

EmperorXianzong,ZhuJianshen,andhisthreeempressesareentombedwithinMaoling.ZhuJianshen(1447-1487)wasthefirstsonofEmperorYingzong.Hestayedinpowerfor22years.

Wehavecoveredsomeofthemostsignificanttombsofthe13Mingtombsinthetour.Ifyouarealsointerestedintheothertombs,thebestwayistocomeandexperienceyourself.ChanglingTomb

ChanglingisthetombofemperorYongle(reigned1403-1424),thethirdemperoroftheMingDynastywhosepersonalnamewasZhuDi,andofhisempress.Builtin1413,themausoleumextendsoveranareaof100,000squaremetres.Thesoultower,whichtellspeoplewhosetombitis,restsonacircularwallcalledthe"cityoftreasures"whichsurroundstheburialmound.The"cityoftreasures"atChanglinghasalengthofmorethanakilometre.

北京导游词范文篇5

Tian’anmenRostrum

Tian’anmen(theGateofHeavenlyPeace),islocatedinthecenterofBeijing.Itwasfirstbuiltin1417andnamedChengtianmen(theGateofHeavenlySuccession).AttheendoftheMingDynasty,itwasseriouslydamagedbywar.WhenitwasrebuiltundertheQingin1651,itwasrenamedTian’anmen,andservedasthemainentrancetotheImperialCity,theadministrativeandresidentialquartersforcourtofficialsandretainers.ThesouthernsectionsoftheImperialCitywallstillstandonbothsidesoftheGate.Thetoweratthetopofthegateisnine-roomwideandfive–roomdeep.AccordingtotheBookofChanges,thetwonumbersnineandfive,whencombined,symbolizethesupremestatusofasovereign.

DuringtheMingandQingdynasties,Tian’anmenwastheplacewherestateceremoniestookplace.Themostimportantoneofthemwastheissuingofimperialedicts,whichfollowedthesesteps:

1)TheMinisterofRiteswouldreceivetheedictinTaihedian(HallofSupremeHarmony),wheretheEmperorwasholdinghiscourt.Theministerwouldthencarrythedecreeonayunpan(trayofcloud),andwithdrawfromthehallviaTaihemen(GateofsupremeHarmony)

2)TheMinisterwouldputthetrayinaminiaturelongting(dragonpavilion).BeneathayellowumbrellaandcarryitviaWumen(MeridianGate),toTian’anmenGatetower.

3)Acourtierwouldbeinvestedtoproclaimtheedict.Thecivilandmilitaryofficialsliningbothsidesofthegatewaybeneaththetowerwouldprostratethemselvesinthedirectionoftheemperorinwaitingforthedecreetotheproclaimed.

4)Thecourtierwouldthenputtheedictinaphoenix-shapedwoodenboxandloweritfromthetowerbymeansofasilkcord.ThedocumentwouldfinallybecarriedinasimilartrayofcloudunderayellowumbrellatotheMinistryofRites.

5)Theedict,copiedonyellowpaper,wouldbemadeknowntothewholecountry.Suchaprocesswashistoricallyrecordedas“ImperialEdictIssuedbyGoldenPhoenix”.DuringtheMingandQingdynastiesTian’anmenwasthemostimportantpassage.ItwasthisgatethattheEmperorandhisretinuewouldgothroughontheirwaytothealtarsforritualandreligiousactivities.

OntheWestsideofTian’anmenstandsZhongshanPark(Dr.SunYat-sen’sPark),andontheeastside,theWorkingPeople’sCulturalPalave.TheParkwasformerlycalledShejitan(AltarofLandandGrain),builtin1420forofferingsacrificialitemstotheGodofLand.Itwasopenedtothepublicasaparkin1914anditsnamewaschangedin1928tothepresentoneinmemoryofthegreatpioneeroftheChineseDemocraticRevolution.TheWorkingPeople’sCulturalPalaceusedtobeTaimiao(theSupremeAncestralTemple),wheretabletsofthedeceaseddynasticrulerswerekept.

ThestreaminfrontofTian’anmeniscalledWaijinshuihe(OuterGoldenRiver),withsevenmarblebridgesspanningoverit.Ofthesesevenbridges,historicalrecordssaythemiddleonewasfortheexclusiveuseoftheemperorandwasaccordinglycalledYuluqiao(ImperialBridge).ThebridgesflankingitoneithersideweremeantforthemembersoftheroyalfamilyandwerethereforecalledWanggongqiao(Royal’sBridges).FartherawayoneachsideofthetwowerebridgesforofficialsrankingabovethethirdorderandwerenamedPinjiqiao(ministerialBridges).TheremainingtwobridgeswerefortheusebytheretinuebelowthethirdorderandwrecalledGongshengqiao(commonBridges).TheyanrtheoneinfrontoftheSupremeAncestralTempletotheeastandtheoneinfrontoftheAltaroflandandGraintothewest.

ThetwostonelionsbytheGateofTian’anmen,oneoneachsideweremeantassentries.Theygazetowardthemiddleaxis,guardingtheemperor’swalkway.InfrontofthegatestandsapairofmarblecolumnscalledHuabiao.Theyareelaboratelycutinbas-relieffollowingthepatternofalegendarydragon.Behindthegatestandsanotherpairofsimilarcolumns.ThestoryofHuabiaomaybetracedtoacoupleofsources.OneoftheversionsaccreditsitsinventiontooneoftheChinesesagekingsnamedYao,whowassaidtohavesetupawoodenpillarinordertoallowtheordinarypeopletoexposeevil-doers,henceitwasoriginallycalledaslanderpillar.Lateritwsreducedtoasignpost,andnowitservesasanornament.

Thebeastsittingonthetopofthecolumniscalled”hou”,alegendaryanimal,whichissaidtohavebeenawatcherofanemperor’sbehaviour.Hewasdoingsuchdutiesaswarningtheemperoragainststayingtoolongoutsidethepalaceorindulginginpleasureandurginghimtogotothepeoplefortheircomplaintsorreturninduetime.Therefore,thetwopairsofbeastsweregiventhenames”Wangjunhui”(Expectingtheemperor’scomingback)and“wangjunchu”(Expectingtheemperor’sgoingout)respectinvely.

Intheolddays,Tian’anmen,asapartoftheImperialCity,wasmeantforimportantoccasions.Thetworowsofchaofang(antechamber),onthesidesbehindthemaingate,wrereservedforcivilandmilitarymembersofthegovernmentwaitingforimperialaudienceandinfrontofthegate,wereofficesofimperialadministration.

OnOctober1,1949,chairmanMaoZedongproclaimedonTian’anmenRostrumthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.SincethenTian’anmenhasbeenthesymbolofNewChine\a.ChairmanMao’sportraitishungabovethecentralentrance,flankedbytwoslogans:”LongLivetheGreatUnityofthePeoplesoftheWorld”.Today,thesplendourofTian’anmenattractsmillionofvisitorsfromallovertheworld.TheRostrumonitstopwasopenedin1988tothepublicforthefirsttimeinitshistory.ItoffersapanoramicviewoftheSquareandthecityproper.

Tian’anmenSquare

SituatedduesouthofTian’anmen,theSquarehasanareaof44hectares(109acres)thatcanaccommodateasmanyasonemillionpeopleforpublicgatherings.IthaswitnessedmayhistoricaleventsinChina’smodernhistoryandisaplaceforcelebrationsonsuchfestivedaysasinternationalLabourDayonMay1standnationalDayonOctober1st.

AroundtheSquareareseveralfamousbuildings:

1TheGreatHallofthePeople

Thisisoneofthelargestcongressionalbuildingsintheworld.Builtin1959,thehallconsistsofthreeparts:a10,000-seatauditoriuminthecenter,abanquethallinthenorthwingfacingChang’anStreet,withaseatingcapacityof5,000,andofficesfortheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeoples’CongressofChinainthesouth.Inaddition,thirty-fourreceptionchambersarenamedaftervariousprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalitiesdirectlyundetheCentralGovernment,plusHongKongandMacao.Eachisdifferentfromtheotherindecorationandfurnishingstostresstheirlocalfeatures.

2TheMuseumofChineseHistoryandtheMuseumoftheChineseRevolution

Thesetwomuseumswerealsobuiltin1959.themuseumofChineseHistoryhousesapermanentexhibitioninfourparts,coveringtheentireprocessofChinesehistoryspanningfrom1.7millionyearsagoto1919:

1)ThePrimitiveSociety(1.7millionyearsagotothe21stcenturyBC);

2)TheSlaveSociety(21stcenturyBCto476BC.);

3)TheFeudalSociety(475BC.To1840AD.);

4)TheSemi-ColonialandSemi-FedualSociety(1840to1919.)

TheMuseumoftheChineseRevolutioncoverstheperiodfrom1919to1949.

3TheMonumenttothePeople’sHeroes

themonumentwasbuiltinmemoryofthousandsofmartyrswhodiedfortherevolutionarycauseoftheChinesepeople.ItsconstructionbeganonAugust1,1952andwasnotcompleteduntil1958.intheformofanobelisk,theMonumentasmadeofmorethan17,000piecesoftraniteandwhitemarble.ThepurplepieceinlaidinthefrontoftheMonumentwasbroughtfromQingdao,ShandongProvince.Itis38meters(124ft8in)high,theloftiestofitskindeverseeninthecountry.Notonlyisitanhistoricmemorialforimmortalheroes,butalsoitisanartisticworkofexcellentarchitecturalvalue.

OnthefrontsideoftheMonumentisanengravedinscriptioninChinesecharacterswrittenbyChairmanMaoZedong,whichreads”EternalGlorytothePeople’sHeroes!”.OnthebackoftheMonumentisanarticlewrittenbyChairmanMao,butinChinesecalligraphybythelatePremierZhouEnlai.

AtthetopoftheMonumentareeightgiganticcarvedwreathesofsuchflowersaspeony,lotusandchrysanthemum,symbolizingnobility,purity,andfortitude.AtthebaseofthemonumentareeightmarblereliefsdepictingtheChinesehistoriceventssince1840.Theyare:

1)TheBurningofOpiumin1840:

2)Theuprisingof1851inJintian,Guangxi;

3)TheRevolutionof1911;

4)TheMayFourthMovementof1919;

5)TheMay30thMovementof1925;

6)TheUprisingof1927inNanchang,Jiangxi;

7)TheWarofResistanceagainstJapaneseAggressionfrom1937to1945;

8)TheVictoriousCrossingovertheYangtzeRiverbythePeoples’sLiberationArmyin1949.Thisreliefisflankedbytwosmallerones—“SupplyingtheFront”and“GreetingtheP.L.A.”.

4ChairmanMao’sMausoleum

ChairmanMaoZedong,thefounderofthePeople’sPepublicofChina,passedawayonSepember9,197

6.Incommemorationofthisgreatman,amausoleumbegantobeconstructedinNovember1976,andwascompletesinAugustthefollowingyear.TheMausoleumwasofficiallyopenedonSeptember9,1977.

Themausoleumissurroundedbyfourgroupsofsculpture.EastofthenorthernentranceisthesculpturedepictingtheperiodoftheNewDemocraticRevolution(1919-1949),andwestofitistheonesignifyingthegreatachievementsoftheChinesepeopleduringtheperiodofslcialistrevolutionandconstructionsince1949.Thesculpturesinfrontofthesoutherngatearefiguresofworkers,peasantssoldiers,intellectuals,techniciansandchildren.

InsidetheMausoleumarethreemainsections:AwhitemarblestatueofChairmanMaoismountedonaplatforminthefrontlobby.Onthewallbehindthestatueisa24-metre-long(79-foot-long)tapestry,afineneedlepointworkwithbeautifullandscapesofthecountry.

Inthemainhallthereisacrystalcoffin,inwhichChairmanMao’sbodyliesstatelywiththeCommunistParty’sflagcoveringoverhim.

北京导游词范文篇6

hello,everyone,

wearenowgoingtopayavisittoaplaceofspecialinterest.thisscenicspotislocatedatthecenterofbeijingandischaracterizedbythousandsofpalatialarchitecturesandpurplewallsaswellasyellowglazedtileroofs-itissimplyaseaofpalaces.thisistheworld–famouswonder–thepalacemuseum.

thepalacemuseumhasservedastheroyalresidenceduringthemingandqingdynasties.itwasherethatatotalof24monarchsascendedthethroneandwieldedpowerforsome500years.thepalacemuseum,asthemostbeautifulspotofinterestthroughoutbeijing,isuniqueforitslocation:tothenorthwestisbeihai(northsea)park,famousforitswhitepagodaandripplinglake;tothewestisthezhongnahai(centralandsouthsea);totheeastliesthethewangfujingshoppingstreet;andtothenorthidjinshanpark.standinginthewanchun(everlastingspring)pavilionatthetopofjingshan(charcoalhill)park,youoverlooktheskylineofthepalacemuseum.atthesouthernendofthepalaceistian`anmen(gateofheavenlypeace)andthefamoussquarenamedafterit.thisisthesymbolofthepeople`srepublicofchina.

aworld-famoushistoricalsite,thepalacemuseumisontheworldheritagelistofunescoandisanembodimentoforientalcivilization.

thepalacemuseumisrectangularinshape,960meterslongfromnorthtosouthand750meterswidefromeasttowest,coveringaspaceof720,000squaremetersofwhich150,000isbuildingarea.ithas9000-strongroomsinit.accordingtolegendthereare9999.5room-unitsinall.thewholecompoundisenclosedbya10-meter-hignwallandisaccessedthroughfourentrances,namely,themeridiangateinthesouth,thegateofmilitaryprowessinthenorth,donghua(easternflowery)gateinthenorth,donghua(easternflowery)gateintheeastandxihua(westernflowery)gateinthewest.oneachcornerthereisaturretconsistedof9roofbeams,18pillarsand72ridge.encirclingthecompoundthereisa3,800-meter-longand52meter-widemoat,makingthepalacemuseumaself-defensivecity-within-acity.

thepalacemuseumwasmadeacenterofruleduringthemingdynastybyzhundi,thefourthsonofthefoundingemperorzhuyuanzhang.thewholecomplexstraddlesonan8-kilometers-longcentralaxisthatstretchesfromyongding(foreverstable)gateinthesouthtogulou(drumtower)inthenorth.prominencewasgiventotheroyalpowerbyputtingthe“threemainfronthalls”and“threebackhalls”ontheaxiswhilearrangeothersubsidiarystructurearoundthem.theconstructionofthepalacemuseuminvolvedmanpowerandresourcesacrosschina.forexample,thebrickslaidinthehalls,knownas“goldbrick,”underwentcomplex,two–dozenprocesses.asthefinaltouch,thefiredbricksweredippedinchinesewoodoil.involvingcomplicatedprocessesandhighcost,thesebrickarecalled“goldenbricks.”thepalacemuseumservesasalivingembodimentofgoodtraditionandstylesuniquetochina`sancientarchitecture.itreflectstothefulltheingenuityandcreativityofthechineseworkingpeople.acarefullypreservedandcompletegroupofroyalresidences,thepalacemuseumisaprominenthistoricalandtouristsite.

whatwearenowapproachingisthemainentrancetothepalacemuseum-themeridiangate,whichischaracterizedbyredwalls,yellowglazed–tileroofsandupturnedeaves.ontopofthiswalls,yellowglazed-tileroofsandupturnedeaves.ontopofthismagnificentbuilding,therestandfiveloftyhallswithamainhallinthecenter.themainhallisroofedbymultipleeavesandcoversaspaceof9room-units.itisflankedbytwowingsoneachside.thewingsaresquareinshape,completewithmultipleandfouredgedeavesandpinnacles.allofthesestructuresareconnectedbyacolonnade.becausethesehallsresembleasoaringbird,itwasalsoknowaswufenglou(five-phoenixtower).insidethemainhallthereisathrone.drumsandbellswerestoredinthewings.whenevertheemperorpresidedovergrandceremoniesorobservedritesinthehallofupremeharmony,drums,bellsandgongswouldbestrucktomarktheoccasion.

asthelegendgoes,themeridiangateusedtobeaplacewherecondemnedrankingofficialswouldbeexecuted.thisnottrue.however,floggingwascarriedoutherebythemingemperors,ifacourtierfallsafouloftheemperor,hewouldbestrippedofhiscourtdressandfloggingwithastick.atonepointthepunishmentbecamesoharshthatatotalof11peoplediedfromfatalwoundonasingleoccasion.ontheotherhand,thisbuildingwasalsousedtoobserveimportantoccasionslikethetraditionalchineselanternfestival(15thdayofthefirstlunarmonth).ontheseoccasions,chineselanternswouldbehangedandsumptuousbanquetswouldbegiveninhonourofthewholecourtofministersandotherrankingofficials.

uponenteringthemeridiangatewebeganourtourofthepalacemuseum.theriverfoowinginfrontofusisknownasjinshuihe(goldenwaterriver)andthefivemarblesbridgesspanningitareknownastheinnergoldenwaterbridges.theoninthemiddlewasusedexclusivebytheemperoranditsbanisterswerecarvedwithdragonandphoenixdesigns.thebridgesflankingtheimperialonewerereservedforprincesandotherroyalmembers.therestwereusedbypalatines.asidefromdecoration,thegoldenwaterriverwasalsodugasprecautionagainstfire.mostofthestructureswithinthepalacemuseumaremadeofwood.whatismore,accordingtoancientchinesecosmology,thesouthistheabodeoffire,sothisbrookwasdugonthesoutherntipofthepalace.inthisway,thepalacemuseumreflectstraditionalchineseculture.

thisbuildingiscalledthegateofsupremeharmony.intheforegroundstandtwobronzelions.cananybodytellwhichismaleandwhichisfemale?theoneontheeastplayingwithaballismale,symbolizingpoweranduniversalunity.theotheronthewestwithacubcuddlingunderneathitsclawisfemale?theoneontheeastplayingwithaballismale,symbolizingpoweranduniversalunity.theotheronthewestwithacubcuddlingunderneathitsclawisfemale,representingprosperitytheendlesssuccession.alayoutofthepalacemuseumispostedbytheentrance.fromit,youcanseethatthepalacemuseumhastwomainparts:theforecourtandtheinnercourt.thethreemainhallsconstitutethemainstayoftheforecourt,anditwasherethattheemperorannounceddecisionsandobservedrites.behindtheforecourtthereistheinnercourt,consistingofmajorhallsandtheimperialgarden.itwaswheretheemperorattendedstateaffairs,livedandenjoyedhisluxuriouslife.theexhibitionsystemofthepalacemuseuminvolveshistoricalcourtrelicsandarticlesofancientartandculture.thepalacemuseumhousesnearlyonemillionarticlesofraretreasure,oronesixthofthetotalnumberinallofchina`smuseums.therearethethreemainhallsofthepalacemuseum,builtonatriplemarbleterrace.sincemostofchina`sarchitectureismadeofwood,thebuildingscannotbetootall.togaintheheightofthearchitecture,ingeniousancientartisansbuiltthehallonagiganticstoneterrace.itisalsotothisendthatnotasingleplantwasgrowninthesquare.onstairwaysoftriplemarbleterracethereare18bronzetripods.theverandahisflankedbybronzetortoisesandcranes,whichservedassymbolsoflongevity.ontheeastisasundial,anancienttimepiece.onthewestthereisagrainmeasuresuggestingthattheemperorwasjustandequitable.

inthefrontandoneachflank,thereisapairofgiltbronzevats(caldrons)moldedduringthereignofemperorqianlongoftheqingdynasty.eachoftheseweights2tonsandisfilledwithwaterasaprecautionintheeventofafire.thestructureintheverymiddleisthehallofsupremeharmony,alsoknownasthethronehall.itis64metersinwidthandis38metersfromentrancetorear.withterraceexclusive,thehallis26.92metersinheightandis35.03metersinall.coveringandareaof2,377squaremeters,thehallofsupremeharmonyischina`slargestexitingwoodenstructure.thehallissupportedby6thick,roundpillarscarvedinadesignofcoilingdragons.astheholiestplaceinthehall,theceilingandcoloredpatternsweremadeofthefinestmaterialavailableatthattime.thethronewasplacedonaterraceandisflankedbystatuesofelephants,luduan(aunicornwhichcouldtravel18,000kilometersadayandunderstandalllanguages),cranesandincensebarrels.overthethronethereisthecaisson,orcoveredceiling,whichconsistsofacoilingdragonplayingwithaballinitsmouth.thisballisknownasxuanyuanmirror,andwassupposedlymadebyachineseemperorofremotetimestoserveasareminderthattheerulerstofollowwerehishereditaryheirs.thethroneismadeofnanmuandpaintedingold.magnificentlybuiltandluxuriouslydecorated,thishalldidnotserveasaplaceinwhichtheemperorattendedtodailyaffairs.heusedhishallformajoreventssuchashisbirthday,conferraloftitleofempressordispatchofgeneralstowar.

behindthehallofsupremeharmony,theresitsthehallofcompleteharmony.thisstructureissquareinshape.eachsideis24.15meters.thiswastheplacewheretheemperorrelaxedandgreetedhiscourtiersbeforeproceedingtothehallofsupremeharmonytoobserverites.thiswasalsotheplacewheretheemperorpreparedprayersorexaminedseedsandsowersbeforeheattendedancestralsacrificesorparticipatedinsnowingceremonies.agrandceremonywasalsoheldhereonceevery10yearsfortheemperortogenealogizetheroyalblood.therearetwosedanchairsondisplayinthehall.behindthehallofcompleteharmony,youwillseethehallofpreservingharmony,whichwasusedasaplacewhereimperialexaminationswereheld.theimperialexaminationwasthehignestlevelofcompetingformeritoriousappointmentunderthefeudalsystemdatingbacktothesuidynasty.china`slastimperialexaminationwasheldin1904duringthereignofemperorguangxuoftheqingdynasty.totherearofhallthereisamarblerampcarvedwithcloudanddragondesigns,thelargestofitskindinthewholecountry.itis16.57metersinlength,3.07metersinwidth,1.7metersthickandweighs250tons.itwasquarriedinfangshancountyinsuburbanbeijing.tobringthisgiantpieceofstonetobeijingpeoplepouredwaterontotheroadandappliedrollingblocksduringtheprocess.

wearenowstandingbeforethesquareofthehallofheavenpurity.itservedasadivideseparatingtheforecourtfromtheinnercourt.thisbuildingisknownasthegateofheavenlypurity.emperorqianlongheldcourthere.proceedingfurthernorth,youcanfindthreemainrearhalls,i.e.thehallofheavenlypurity.thehallofunionandpeaceandpalaceofearthlytranquility.thehallofheavenlypurityifflankedoneithersidebytwogatesnamedafterthesunandmoon.insidetheenclosurethereare12palacesandhallssymbolizingconstellations.alloftheotherbuildingsarecenteredaroundthepalaceofheavenlypurity,whichwasmeanttosuggestthatthemonarch`spowerwasendowedbyheaven.theempressandconcubineslivedintheinnercourt.

thehallofheavenlypuritywaswheretheemperorlivedandattendedtodailyaffairs.latertheemperormovedtoliveinthepalaceofmentalcultivation.lookingupyoucanseeaplaquebearingthechineseinscription“beopenandabove-board,”amanifestotocourtstruggle.behindtheplaqueastrongboxwasstoredcontainingawillbearingthenameofthewould–beroyalsuccessor.thisapproachofsecretlyselectingthenextemperorwasadoptedbyemperoryongzhengoftheqingdynasty.twocopiesofthewillwereprepared.onewasstashedbytheemperorinperson,theotherwasplacedinsidethestrongboxbehindtheplaque.afterthedeathoftheemperor,thetwocopieswouldbecomparedandsuccessorwouldbeannounced.itwasinthiswaythatemperorqianglongandothershaveascendedthethrone.

behindthehallofheavenlypurityyouwillseethehallofunionandpeace,whichisindenticaltothehallofcompleteharmony.itwastherethattheemperorreceivedcongratulationsandtributesfromimperialofficialsonmajorcalenderoccasions,atotalof25imperialsealsarestoredthere.inthehall,youwillseeaplaquewiththehandwritteninscriptionof“wewei,”exhortingtaoistdoctrines.

furthernorthwardisthepalaceofearthlytranquillity,whichonceservedasthelivingroomoftheempresses`.thehallwaslaterconvertedintoasacrificialplace.throughthewindowpanesontheeasternwallyoucanseetheroyalbeddecoratedwithdragonandphoenixdesigns.thishallhasalsoservedasthebridalchamberofmonarchs.

北京导游词范文篇7

LadiesandGentlemen:

WelcometothetempleofHeaven.(Afterself-introduction)preservedculturalheritagesofChina.Therearebasicallytwokindsofvisitorswhocomehere:localpensionerswhodoexerciseshereinthemorningandeveningandsightseersbothfromhomeandabroad.Allinall,thereare12millionvisitorsveryyear.Nowwearegoingtogoalongtheroutethatleadstothealter.Itwilltakeroughlyonehour.Mindyou,theemperoralsowalkedalongthisroutetopaytributetotheGodofHeaven.

(AlongtheSouthernSacredRoadleadingtotheCircularMoundAltar)

ThelargestgroupofarchitecturesevertobededicatedtoHeaven,theTempleofHeavenservedasanexclusivealtarforChinesemonarchsduringtheMingandQingdynasties.ItwasdecreedthatrulersofsuccessivedynastieswouldplacealtarsintheirowncapitalstoworshipHeavenandprayforgoodharvest.Butwhy?

TheancientChinesebelievedthatHeavenwasthesupremeruleroftheuniverseandthefateofmankind,andthusworshipingritesdedicatedtoHeavencameintobeing.TheHeaventheancientChinesereferredtowasactuallytheUniverse,ornature.Inthosedays,therewerespecficritesofworship.ThiswasespeciallytrueduringtheMingandQingdynastieswhenelaborateceremonieswereheld.

TheTempleofHeavenwasbuiltin1420duringthereignofEmperorYoungleoftheMingDynasty.Situatedinthesouthernpartofthecity,thisgrandsetofstructurescoversanareaof273hectares.Tobettersymbolizeheavenandearth,thenorthernpartoftheTempleiscircularwhilethesouthernpartissquare.Thewholecompoundisenclosedbytwowalls,asquarewalloutsidearoundone.Theouterareaischaracterizedbysuburbanscenery,whiletheinnerpartisusedforsacrifices.TheinnerenclosureconsistsoftheHallofPrayerforGoodHarvestandtheCircularMoundAltar.

(AlongtheImperialPassageleadingfromtheSouthernLatticeStarGateinfrontoftheCircularMoundAltar)

theCircularMoundAltarisenclosedbytwowalls,eachcontainingfourgroupsofSouthernLatticeStarGate,eachinturnconsistingofthreedoors,with24marbledoorsaltogether.Standingonthepassagefacingnorth,youwillnoticethatwitheachpairofdoorsonisnarrowerthantheother.Thisreflectsthefeudalhierarchy:thewiderdoorwasreservedformonarchs,whilethenarroweronewasusedbycourtiers.

Onthedayoftheceremony,theemperorwoulddonhisritualcostumeandbeusheredinbytheofficialinchargeofreligiousaffairs.Heascendedthethreeterracesintheforefronttopaytributeatthealter.

(AtoptheCircularMoundAlter)

wearenowonthetopterraceoftheAltar,orthethirdterrace.Eachterracehasaflightof9steps.Atthecenterofthisterraceliesaroundstonesurroundedby9steps.Atthecenterofthisterraceliesaroundstonesurroundedby9concentricringsofstone.Thenumberofstonesinthefirstringis9,inthesecond,18,upto81inthe9thring.Eventhenumberofcarvedbalustradesontheseterracesisamultipleeof9.Butwhy?

AccordingtoancientChinesephilosophy,yinandyangweretwoopposingfactors.HeavenandtheoddnumbersbelongedtoyangwhiletheEarthandevennumbersbelongedtoyin.Ninewasthelargestheavenlynumberaccessibletoman.Whatismore,theancientpeoplealsobelievedthatheavenconsistedofninelayersandthattheemperor`sabodewasontheuppermosttier.

Oncemorelookattheroundstoneinthecenter.Theupperterraceisninezhang(aChineseunitoflength,onezhangequals3.3meters)incircumference,whilethemiddleis15zhang,thelower,21zhang.Classifiedasyangnumbers,thesumofthesenumeralsis45zhangwhichwasmeanttosymbolizedsuccess.Whatismore,byapplyingtheconceptofoddnumbersandstrengtheningnineanditsmultiples,theconceptofheavenwasthusillustratedandrealized.Theconceptofninewillalsobementionedwhenwevisitsomeotherbuildings.

NowIwillgiveyouabriefaccountofwhathappenedhereannuallyontheInterSolstice.ThememorialtabletdedicatedtoHeavenwouldbesetuponthenorthsideoftheterrace,whiletabletsdedicatedtotheemperor`sancestorswouldbeenshrinedontheflanks.Theservicewouldbeginaround4o`clockinthemorning.Allofthelanternswouldbelit.Intheforeground,asacrificialcalfisbeingbarbecued.Onthesquareinfrontofthealtar,theemperor,underheavyescortofnearlyathousandcourtiers,princesofroyalblood,musicians,dancersanduniformedsoldiers,wouldslowlyascendthealtartooffersacrificeandprayinhonorofHeaven.Whentheservicedrewtoaclose,thesacrificeofferedinfrontofthememorialtabletswouldbeincinerated.AllofparticipantswouldwatchthethicksmokeriseupwardasiftheywereseeingGodoff.Musicanddancingwouldfollow.Intheend,theemperorwouldreturntotheForbiddenCitysecureinthebeliefthathewouldbeblessedandprotectedbyHeavenuntilthenextwinterSolstice.

Itisinterestingtonotethat,thestoneintheverymiddleofthealtarwasofmajorimportance,sinceitwaswheretheemperorusedtostandtosayhisprayer.Thestone,whichisknownastheGod`sheartStone,ispeculiarinthatitischaracterizedbyaspecificacousticphenomenon:itmadetheemperor`svoiceclearerandlouder,thusaddingtothemysticatmosphereoftheservice.Youcantrythisoutbyyourself.(ProceednorthwardtopassthroughtheLatticeStarGate)

(InfrontoftheGateofglazedtiles)

thisstructureisknownasHeaven`sStorehouse.ItisenteredthroughtheGateofglazedTiles.Theroofing,beams,andbracketsareallmadeofglazedtilesorbricks.Thisistheonlystructureofitskindinchinatoday.

theHeaven`sStorehousewaswherememorialtabletsdedicatedtothegodswerekept.DouglasHurd,aformerBritishforeighsecretary,oncesaid,“GodattendstoHisaffairsontheCir4cularMoundAltarbutstayshere.”Nowlet`sgointotoseeit(Gothroughtheleftsidedoor)

(InthecourtyardofHeaven`sStorehouse)

thisistheImperialVaultofHeaven,themainstructureofHeaven`sStorehouse.Itwasbuiltin1530andis17metersinheightand19metersindiameter.Thestructurefeatureblueroofstoppedbyagildedball,andcarvedwoodendoorsandwindows.Itisdecoratedwithcoloredpaintings.Foundedona3-meter-hignroundmarbleterrace,thebuildingalsofeaturesagiganticcarvedmarbleramplaidinthestonestaircaseleadinguptothefrontentrance..Therampiscarvedin“TwodragonsPlayingwithapearl”designinrelief.Wewillenterthemainhallbygoingupthestonestaircaseontheeasternside.

(Onthemarbleterraceofthemainhall)

thearchofthehallisbuttressedby16giantpillarsontworings.Ontopofthepillarstherearegiltbracketssupportingacircularcaisson,orcoveredceiling.Theceilingischaracterizedbyagoldencoilingdragondesign.The8pillaroftheinnerringarepaintedscarletanddecoratedwithgoldenlotuses.

Tothenorthofthehallthereisamarblepedestal.Atopit,upawoodenflightof9steps,iswherethemajortabletdedicatetoHeavenwasenshrined.OneachflankfourtabletsareenshrinedinhonoroftheancestorsoftheQingemperors.IntheannexhallinhornoroftheancestorsoftheQingemperors.Intheannexhallsinthecourtyard,therearetabletsdedicatedtothedeitiesofthesun,moon,constellation,cloud,rain,windandthunder.

(EchoWallandTriple–soundStones)

Asidefromexquisitelylaidoutarchitectures,Heaven`sStorehouseisalsofamousfortwostructureswithpeculiaracousticfeatures,i.E.theEchoWallandtheTriple-SoundStone.Amerewhisperatanypointclosetothewallcanbeheardclearlyontheotherside,althoughthepartiesmaybe40or50metersapart.Thisispossiblebecausethewallisroundandhermeticallyconstructedwithsmooth,solidbricks.

InfrontofthestepsleadingawayfromthehallsistheTripleSoundStone.Ifyoustandonthefirststoneandcalloutorclapyourhands,thesoundwillechoonce;onthesecondstone,thesoundwillbeheardtwice;andonthethirdstone,thesoundwillrepeatthreetimes.Hencethename.(Gooutthroughtherightdoorandstrollalongthecircularpathnorthward)

(Nine-DragonCypress)

theTempleofHeavenisalsofamousforitscypresstrees-therearemorethan60,000cypresstreesinall,amongwhichover4,000aremorethanonehundredyearsold,addingtothesolemnatmosphereofthetemple.Thistallcypresswasplantedmorethan500yearsago.Itsthickbranchesandtwistingtrunkresemblingninecoilingplayfuldragons;thusitisknownastheNine-Dragoncypress.Itissaidthatthistreewasheretowelcomethemonarchs.Nowitisheretowelcomevisitorfromallovertheworld.

(InthesouthofChengzhenGate)

nowwearebackagainontheCentralAxis.Thisbrick-archedgateisknownasChengzhen(AdoptingFidelity).ThisgateisthenortherngateoftheCircularMoundAltarandtheHallofPrayerforGoodHarvest.TheHallofPrayerforGoodHarvestissituatedattheextremeendoftheaxis.Itwasusedbytheemperorinthefirstmonthofeverylunaryearforservicesdedicatedtogoodharvest.

(OntheRedStairwayBridge)

enteringtheHallofPrayerforGoodHarvest,wesetfootonaraisedpassage360meterslong,whichtheemperoralsotooktoproceedtothehall.Thisbroadnorth-southwalkway,calledDanbiqiao(RedStairwaybridge),connectsthetwosetsofmainbuildingintheTempleofHeavenandconstitutesasingleaxis.

Thepassageisdividedintoleft,controlandrightpathsbythecrossarrangementofslabs.ThecentralandthewidestpathisknownasHeavenlyThoroughfare,whichwasreservedexclusivelyforGod;nobody,includingtheemperor,wasallowedtosetfootontoit.Theemperorusedthepathontheeast,whichisknownastheImperialWalk.Theministersandprincesusedtheoneonthewest.Interestingenough,thereisnowalkwayleftforordinarypeople.ThisisbecausetheTempleofHeavenusedtobeoff-limitstothem.

Contrarytoappearances,thiswalkwayisnotabridgeatall.Buthowso?Thisroadis4metersabovethegroundandthereisacavernunderneaththatwasreservedforsacrificialoxenandsheep.Thecattlewereslaughteredataslaughterhouseabout500metersawayandbroughthereforsacrifice.Allinall,itcanbesaidthiswalkwaydidserveasbridgeandcanbelookeduponasthefirstcloverleafinBeijing.

Lookingbackatthethoroughfare,youmayrealizethatthiswalkisgainingheighttowarditsnorthernend.AspeopleapproachthearchitecturalgroupoftheHallofPrayerforgoodHarvest,theflankinggrovesofcypressrecedeandperspectivewidens.HereyouareinHeaven.

(Costume-ChangingTerrace)

themarbleterraceupaheadiscalledjufutai,orCostumeChangingTerrace.ItislocatedtotheeastoftheRedStairwayBridgeandcoversaspaceof25squaremeters.IThasmarbleSlabbalustrades.Thedaybeforetheservice,officialsinchargewouldputupayellowsatintentontheterracefortheemperortochangeoutofhisyellowdragonrobeintoblueceremonialclothes.Aftertheservice,theemperorwouldreturntothetentandchangebackintohisimperialrobebeforereturningtothepalace.(ProceedtotheSouthGateoftheHallofPrayerforGoodHarvest)

(AttheGateofPrayerforGoodHarvest)

thisstructureiscalledtheGateofPrayforGoodHarvest.Wecancatchaslightglimpseofthecentralbuilding,theHallofPrayerforGoodharvest,thoughthecolonnadeoftheGate.Agiganticandloftygroupofbuildings,thecomplexincludestheGateofPrayerforGoodHarvest,thehallofprayerforgoodharvest,easternandwesternannexhalls,theHuanqian(Imperialheaven)Longcorridor,HeavenKitchen,slaughterhouse,etc.

theannexhallsweresymmetricallybuiltona1.5-meter-hignbrick-and-marbleterrace,tosetofftheloftinessandmagnificenceofthemainhall.Thisuniquebuilding,38metersinheight,ischaracterizedbyacone-shapedstructurewithtripleeavesandatopthatiscrownedbyagiltball.Theroofingismadeofblueglazedtiles,thecolorofthesky.Underneaththeroof,thebeamsandbracketaredecoratedwithcoloredpaintings.Thebaseofthestructureisatriple-tiered,circularmarbleterrace.Atadistance,theterracelookslikeagigantic,spiralingcloudwiththestructureperchedontopofit.

TodaythehallofprayerforgoodharvestisthehallmarkofBeijing,whichenjoysaprolongedhistoryofcivilization.

(AtthebaseoftheHallofPrayerforGoodHarvest)

Thebaseofthehallisatriple-tiered,circularmarbleterrace,whichis90metersindiameterand6metersinheight,coveringaspaceof4,000squaremeters.Meticulousaccuracywasgiventothelayoutofthestructure.Inthemiddleofeachthree-tieredflightofstairs,thereisagiantmarblerampcarvedincloud,dragonandphoenixdesigns.Tosetofftheramps,thetopofthebalustradesanddownpipesaredesignedwithcorrespondingfloralscrolls.Insouthernpartofeachtier,agiganticbronzeincenseburnerisplaced.Sandalwoodwasburntinthemwhenriteswereobserved.

(InfrontofthehallofPrayerforgoodharvest)

climbingupthismarbleterrace,weseethemainhall,amasterpieceofancientChina.Lookingupyouwillseethecaisson,orcoveredceiling,characterizedbycomplexdesignsofdragonsandphoenixes.Inandout,thehallisdecoratedwithcoloreddrawingofdragonsandphoenixes.

Withouttheuseofsteel,cementandnail,andevenwithouttheuseofbigbeamsandcrossbeams,theentirestructureissupportedby28massivewoodenpillarsandnumberofbars,laths,jointsandrafters.Thefourcentralpillars,calledthedragon-WellPillars,are19.2metershighandpaintedwithdesignsofcompositefollowers,representingthefourseason.Therearetworingsof12scarletpillarseach.Theinnerringrepresentsthe12monthsandtheouterringsthe12divisionsofthedayandnight.Betweenthetworingsthereare24partitionedspacestomarkthesolartermsoftheChineselunaryear.Thepillars,28innumber,alsorepresentthe28constellationsintheuniverse-theancientChinesebelievedthattherewere28constellationsthatmadeupthesky.

Thecenterofthestone-pavedfloorisaroundmarbleslab,whichis88.5centimetersindiameter.Interestingly,theslabfeaturesnaturalblackandwhiteveins,correspondingtothedragon-phoenixdesignontheceiling.ThisparticularslabisknownastheDragon-phoenixstoneandisregardedasatreasureinseparablefromthehall.

ThefurnishingswithinthehallareplacedintheiroriginalpositionsdatingbacktowhenEmperorXianfengruled.IntheforefrontandabovethethroneareenshrinedtabletsincommemorationofHeaven.Oneithertableoneachsidetabletsoftheemperor`sancestorswereplaced.Eachtabletisfrontedbyanaltar.Atotalof24kindsofofferingweremadeonit,includingsoup,wine,assortedcereals,andacalf.

Thesacrificialriteswereobservedintheweehoursofthemorning,sometimeinthefirstmonthoftheChineselunaryear.Becauseitwasstilldark,candles,lanternsandtorcheswerelit.Thislightingcoupledwiththeincensebeingburntinsidethehall,helpedmaketheceremonybothgrandandmystical.

Bythetimetheservicebegan,207musiciansanddancerswouldbeperformingonplatformsoutsidethehall.Theemperor,inhisbluesacrificialrobeandwithanairofpietyandsincerity,wouldwalkslowlyintothehall,kowtow,andofferwineandprayerinhornorofthedeitiesandhisancestors.AlloftheofferingswouldthenbetakentoincineratorsontheeasternsideofthegateofprayerforGoodHarvest.WiththisweconcludeourvisittotheTemperofHeaven.Thefeudalmonarchsandtheirsacrificialriteshavelongvanishedinhistory.However,thisgroupofmagnificentandloftystructuresremainasafinetestamentoftheancientChinese`singenuityandasoneoftheculturalheritagesofmankind.

(OntheLongCorridor)

北京导游词范文篇8

一、立足课文，在语文实践中积累语文素养

《义务教育语文课程标准》（2011版）指出：“综合性学习主要体现语文知识的综合运用、听说读写能力的整体发展、语文课程与其他课程的沟通、书本学习与生活实践的紧密结合。”《客家民居》介绍的恰好是笔者家乡的永定土楼，借助课文引导学生开展以“各具特色的民居”为主题的语文综合性学习，占据天时地利人和。

1．搜集土楼资料，了解土楼民居

中国民居是中华民族珍贵的文化历史遗产，古老独特，散发着无穷的魅力，体现了华夏民族的智慧和深厚的文化内涵。学习《客家民居》，首先要认识了解土楼。课前，学生广泛阅读，查阅资料，认识各具特色的土楼民居。教学时，先请学生采用自己喜欢的方法，展示各具特色的土楼民居，让大家欣赏：学生们有的张贴收集的图片，有的播放录像视频，有的出示自己的简笔画，有的结合自己的旅游谈体会，有的写成调查小论文……课堂气氛十分热烈。在交流中，学生们对土楼民居有了初步的了解。课后，要求学生向家长介绍自己最喜欢的一座土楼民居。

2．摘抄土楼楹联，品读传统文化

客家人的祖先在治家、立身、待人接物等方面，都体现了客家文化特征。龙岩的客家土楼修建于清朝末期，正是大兴对联时期，富裕乡绅们花巨资修建土楼后，便请名人志士题写对联，因此对联甚为可观。比如，承启楼大门上的对联是“承前祖德勤和俭，启后子孙读与耕”。表现了先辈希望子孙们和睦相处、勤俭持家、勤奋好学的美好愿望”［2］。教学时，学生们亲自到永定土楼群摘抄楹联，结合课文中出现的“对联”“对联故事”等，认知土楼楹联的特点、对仗形式，品读对联内涵，了解土楼文化，感受中华民族传统文化的渊远深厚，学习客家人团结友爱、勤俭持家的好品质。

3．搜集客家俗语，丰富语言积累

我国土地辽阔、物产丰富，“百里不同风，千里不同俗”。在长期的生产劳动中，各族人们总结创作了丰富多彩的经典语言。教学时要求学生收集客家格言，俗语，谚语和歇后语，拓展课外语言积累。比如，上网搜集，查阅报刊杂志，访问村中老人，询问家长等，然后将它们分门别类摘抄在“采蜜本”上，定期评比谁收集积累得又多又好，并且学会灵活恰当地运用在具体语言环境中，同时布置学生动手编写《客家土楼》手抄报，进一步学以致用，体会客家传统文化的内涵。

4．趣说土楼故事，提高口语能力

本单元教材安排口语交际的主题是“民风民俗”，学习完本单元的课文，组织学生开展“趣说土楼”讲故事比赛。客家土楼的故事内容丰富，流传甚广，为了更好地传承客家土楼故事，弘扬土楼传统文化，先让学生收集客家趣闻故事，家乡的名山胜水古迹传说以及红色文化等。然后要求在小组内交流，做到内容充实，语言流畅；听者认真倾听，理解内容，提出疑问，听后点评，发表自己的看法；人人参与，推荐优秀选手，参加班级决赛。最后开展班级讲故事比赛，争当“讲土楼故事能手”。活动结果公布表彰，简讯报道，并把搜集来的的客家故事，分门别类整理补充，编写成《客家土楼故事》专辑。

5．感受民风民俗，训练写作能力

本单元教材的口语交际主题是“民风民俗”习作训练。笔者把本次习作要求定为“学写导游词”，目的是提高学生的语文综合实践能力。为提高学生“学写导游词”能力，特意组织学生参与“土楼之旅”旅游团活动，看听专业导游带领游客参观讲解土楼。学生们兴趣盎然，感同身受，大大激发了写作热情。徜徉于山水间，穿梭于土楼中，身临其境地感受着大自然的美妙，体会到劳动人民的聪明智慧。写起导游词顺手拈来，言之有物，言之有“理”，比纸上谈兵好多了。

二、拓展延伸，在语文实践中提高语文素养

在学习《客家民居》之后，学生的语文综合性学习有了一定的基础，这时应该拓宽语文学习领域，让学生开展更广泛的民风民俗学习，培养语文实践能力，提高语文素养。也以此纪念祖先曾经走过的历程，弘扬中华民族优秀的文化。

1．广泛搜集民居资料

课外，学生通过图书、网络、调查访问等多种渠道，广泛搜集民居资料。如：北京四合院、土家族吊脚楼、皖南民居、蒙古包……引导学生交流搜集的各民族民居资料，了解建筑风格，风土人情，民风民俗等，从而增长见识，赞颂各族人们的聪明才智，弘扬中华民族的优秀文化。

2．大量开展语文实践活动

学生积累了丰富的民居素材，教师让学生参考《客家民居》语文综合性学习方式，进行其他民族“特色的民居”的语文实践活动，也可以在原有的基础上加以创新活动。（1）当导游。自行撰写导游词，创设情境，模拟旅游，扮演导游，向游客介绍我国的一处民居。（2）讲故事。从收集的资料中，选择一个关于民居建筑、生产、生活的故事，绘声绘色地讲给同学们听。（3）写调查报告。学习课文中的说明方法和语言表达方法，运用到自己的调查报告中去，展示自己是如何进行民居的调查研究。（4）手抄报。办一期手抄报，图文结合，将民居集中展示。（5）作品集。将在语文综合性学习中收集的资料、故事、自己写的导游词、调查报告等优秀作品整理成书册。

作者:郑玲琳 单位:龙岩市溪南小学

参考文献：

北京导游词范文篇9

关键词:校本教材;旅游;语言

旅游管理专业毕业的学生今后从事导游职业，一名合格的导游必须具备:熟练的景点讲解技能，与人沟通、协调的能力。对于语言知识积累和口头语言的表达有着比其他专业更高的要求。因此建设旅游专业语文校本教材有着重要的价值和意义。在校本教材建设思路上，我从地域文化视角出发，从基本的语言文字入手，把握文本的人文内容，然后再回归语言，让学生在与语言、人文的不断对话中，交流、感悟、体验、品味、积累、运用，从而让校本教材人文性在语文工具(与导游工作结合)价值的实现过程中体现。

1注重地方方言俚语、口语的搜集

导游语言的运用和日常单纯的口语交流又有不同的地方。导游语言“正确、清楚、生动、灵活”、是四大原则。一名旅游专业的学生，经过认真努力的专业学习，从语言表达来说“正确”和“清楚”的目标相对来说比较容易做到。但是要想做到语言的生动和灵活，则冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。特别是讲解有地域特色比较浓厚的景点时，如果能够穿插一些地方的俚语和俗语将起到事半功倍的效果。对于其实好的导游语言应该雅俗共赏，因此校本教材可以有目的的收集一些地方俚语、俗语，并教会学生在讲解过程中运用。而现在学生成长语境，对方言、俚语这一方面接触较少，而传统教材在对地域语言关注不足，校本教材正好可以弥补这一缺憾。这样既更好的传承了地方文化，也对导游语言有了鲜活的补充。

2编纂的文学作品更接地气

校本教材可以是对旅游文学作品做深度的扩展，知其首尾、本末。例如笔者在编纂校本教材时，对于汉赋大家枚乘(淮安人)代表作《七发》里面所包含对楚太子所言之美食“犓牛之腴，菜以笋蒲。肥狗之和，冒以山肤。楚苗之食，安胡之飰，抟之不解，一啜而散。于是使伊尹煎熬，易牙调和。熊蹯之胹，芍药之酱。薄耆之炙，鲜鲤之鱠。秋黄之苏，白露之茹。兰英之酒，酌以涤口。山梁之餐，豢豹之胎。小飰大歠，如汤沃雪。此亦天下之至美也，太子能强起尝之乎?”笔者特地引申，对本地美食文化的渊源做了介绍，淮安市是淮扬菜发源地之一，美食旅游资源丰富，关于美食文化的介绍的文章书籍汗牛充栋。从《七发》赋对美食的描述可见，早在西汉时期，在江淮一带人们美食追求已经到了一个很高的境界。但是00后的学生是伴随着多元文化成长起来的，喜欢短平快浅的阅读，追求怪异离奇的情节和搞笑的戏谑语言，而对于真正纯唯美或有思想深度的文学作品反倒缺乏审美能力和兴趣。通过校本语文教材的介绍可以将生涩枯燥古辞赋转化为学生熟知的美食文化，更加接地气。即提高了学生的文学素养，也加深了旅游专业学生对美食文化的理解，有利于今后的导游工作的开展。

3精当选材，补语文教材遗珠之憾

传统语文教材由于篇目有限，面对灿若星辰的文学作品，难免有遗珠之憾。例如晚明著名园林建筑学家计成所著之《园冶》，与其说是一部介绍园林建筑杰作，不如说是一部文学描绘园林景观的佳作，通篇体现士大夫阶层的审美观和情趣。整部书采用以“骈四骊六”为其特征的骈体文有着极高的文学价值:“园林巧于“因”、“借”，精在“体”、“宜”，愈非匠作可为，亦非主人所能自主者，须求得人，当要节用。“因”者:随基势之高下，体形之端正，碍木删桠，泉流石注，互相借资;宜亭斯亭，宜榭斯榭，不妨偏径，顿置婉转，斯谓“精而合宜”者也。“借”者:园虽别内外，得景则无拘远近，晴峦耸秀，绀宇凌空，极目所至，俗则屏之，嘉则收之，不分町疃，尽为烟景，斯所谓“巧而得体”者也”。这一段话可谓短短数语，将园林“借景”手法的运用，描绘的淋漓尽致。亦显出极高的构思手法。对于旅游专业的学生学习园林的构景手法有独特帮助。学生通过阅读作品，把作品中所蕴藏的文学知识、园林知识转化为指导自己今后独立从事导游工作有效能力，从而掌握运用园林审美的规律，能够自如地在游客面前表达对自然、社会、人生的感受和认识。而不是单纯的背诵导游词。优秀的导游员不单纯是对旅游景点简单的介绍，更是美的发现者和创造者，在景点解说中能把对社会生活和人生的体验、感悟转化为自己的生命情愫，和所在景点的特色相融合，并能够用优美的言语形态展现出来。

4注重文学资源和旅游资源的融合

很多经典的文学资源就是旅游资源。在编撰校本语文教材时，注重文学资源向旅游资源的转化。例如:一饭千金，胯下之辱等成语，就发生在笔者所在教学地—江苏淮安。笔者利用校本教材这个平台对有关民间传说、历史典故进行整理和收集、传承。在作业设置上，根据民间的传说和历史典故设计旅游线路，并进行导游词创作比赛。这样可以实现文学旅游资源和旅游资源特别是和地方旅游资源相结合。从而找准了语文校本教材建设的切入点和闪光点。

作者:路春涛 单位:江苏省淮阴商业学校

参考文献:

北京导游词范文篇10

我很想到校外实习，可惜都找不到实习的单位，所以只能留在学校实训，虽然不像校外实习那样接触社会，学习那些校内学不到的东西，但是在校内的这三个星期我也学到了很多，礼仪、导游技巧、景点了解、模拟导游……

在校内的第一周我们学习了礼仪，当今社会的大学生有很多，但是大学生所懂得的礼仪知识却越来越薄弱，礼仪首先就可以体现了我们的素质，现在企业单位招聘人才的时候首先都会观察我们的行为举止。正因为这样，我们更应该学好礼仪。一周下来我终于体会到原来站、坐、走、蹲看起来很容易，但是真的做到端庄规范的却很难，我们还学了怎样介绍别人、怎样接发名片……这样的学习令我觉得以前我们所谓的礼仪根本不算什么，这短短的几堂课让我获益良多。我们还学习了交谊舞，舞蹈也是交际礼仪的一种，短短的学习下来觉得根本不够，从来没有接触交谊舞的我，学起来很笨拙，所以最后也只是掌握了一些基本舞步。除此之外，我们还聆听了几个关于当代大学生创业的主题讲座，学校特地请了企业老总给我们演讲，并指导我们往后就业或者创业，由此我又学习到大学生要大胆、创新，才能创出一片新天地。

而第二周就是让我们以自主学习为主，因为我学的是旅游专业，所以老师分配给我们的任务是到校外踩点，我们所需要去的地方都是今年导游证考试中出现的景点，、陈家祠、中山纪念堂、北京路步行街、番禺余荫山房。我们先分好小组，然后以小组为单位去景点考察，我们主要是去了解景点概况和周边情况、模拟景点讲解等等。这次踩点是没有老师陪同的，我们只是要联系老师，向老师询问和报告情况。踩点全部都要靠我们自己完成，而团队就起到了非常重要的作用。每个组员都要互相关心、互相帮助，我们都知道作为一个导游我们都会遇到好多突发事件，这次我们校外踩点就是让我们体会到那些突发事件，让我们学会自己处理，从而学到从老师课堂学不到的知识。这次踩点我们首先通过小组讨论，通过自己的方案，然后就按照方案进行实践。以前都是在学校听老师讲课，觉得其实也没有什么困难的，但是经过到校外的体验，我们发现其实当一名合格的导游是非常的困难的，你所遇到的事情可能是学校上课中不可能提到的。而且当导游要有很好的体力、高度的集中力……导游要一般带游客游览景点一边讲解导游词，而且要注意观察游客的反应，时刻注意着游客的举动，就因为导游身上肩负着许多东西。

在校外踩点的时候我也得到了一个很大的锻炼机会，当我们去的时候，有一位从来的阿姨一个人游，然后她也邀请我们和她一起游览，因为这是她第一次来，所以我们每个人都充当了一回免费导游，我们也完全把阿姨当成了我们的游客，用心的讲解，也把广州的特色景点介绍给阿姨。就这样一个机会，我过了一回导游瘾，也为以后考导游证积累了一些宝贵的经验。

快乐的时间过得特别的快，很快就到了第三周，我们要到商旅中心上课，这是我第一次踏进这里，这里是模仿旅行社建的，我们在这里学习了很多关于导游的注意事项，例如：旅游计划、接送旅行团、入住酒店……而且我们还模拟了这些场景，让我们体会一下导游的工作程序。