星期英文范文

导语：如何才能写好一篇星期英文，这就需要搜集整理更多的资料和文献，欢迎阅读由公文云整理的十篇范文，供你借鉴。

篇1

1、星期六:Saturday缩写Sat.Saturday，英文单词，名词，作名词时意为“星期六”。

2、[例句]She had a call from him on Saturday morning at the studio.星期六早上她在录音室接到他打来的电话。

3、[其他]复数：Saturdays.

（来源：文章屋网 ）

篇2

1“富饶的缺口”

贵州省地处云贵高原，拥有丰富的生态资源、自然资源、旅游资源和矿产资源、野生动植物资源，民族文化也丰富多样。此外，贵州省还是全国烟、酒、药材的生产大省，但由于自然地理位置和历史文化等多方面的原因，贵州省民营企业经济水平发展长期滞后于全国平均水平，基础薄弱，民营企业自我积累和自我发展能力差，同时贵州投资环境差，外资吸引能力不强，还导致内部资金大量外流。尽管贵州省资源丰富多样，但丰富的资源优势未能转化为经济优势，形成了“富饶的缺口”。

2规模小、发育程度低、市场融资能力弱

长期以来，贵州省民营企业规模小、经济发展速度缓慢、企业效益差、偿付能力弱。近几年，贵州省通过不断健全金融机构组织体系、创新担保方式、完善社会信用服务体系等举措，多元化为民营企业的发展提供保障。但在民营经济的发展过程中，仍然存在融资难的问题。与省外同行业相比较，民营企业无论从市场规模、经济发展水平，还是市场融资能力、市场成熟度以及组织形式等方面，都存在很大的差距。2014年中国民营企业会公布了中国工商联评选的最新《中国民营企业500强榜单》中，贵州省只有贵阳宏益房地产开发有限公司一家民营企业上榜。

3专业人才匮乏，品牌意识淡薄

竞争是人才之间的竞争，特别是高素质人才的竞争，人才是资本，高素质人才是企业的核心优势所在。贵州省可以说是一个老少边贫的内陆省份，信息闭塞，导致了当地人们的思想观念落后，缺少未雨绸缪的竞争意识，这导致大多数民营企业没有人才储备的意识，忽视人才战略，使得民营企业的人才培养滞后，人才供给不足和对人才的吸引不足，贵州省民营企业人才长期匮乏严重制约了民营企业的经济发展。贵州省民营企业家的品牌意识不强，对自身品牌的认识和开发也不足，只关注生产经营，忽略了产品品牌的研发。在品牌意识缺乏的基础上，严重制约了贵州省民营企业取得更长远的发展，使其在发展中丧失竞争力。2008年，贵州省一共有9家企业生产的10个产品获得了中国名牌的称号，但除了“老干妈”来自民营企业外，其他9个品牌全部都是国有企业。

二贵州省民营企业资本形成不足的原因

贵州省民营企业的发展，仍面临诸多困难，如传统落后的经营模式、政策的倾斜、企业融资难、人才匮乏等问题，主要有以下几点：

1政府方面的因素

贵州是一个内陆省份，经济发展水平明显滞后于全国平均水平，经济实力较弱。贵州省民营企业与省内国有企业相比较，呈现规模小、散沙状、市场抗风险能力不强、市场竞争力差、知名度不高等特点。政府没有多余的财政资金投资民营企业，另外政府依靠财政融资能力也较弱，就算政府有多余的财政资金，政府也不愿意对民营企业进行投资，因为民营企业规模小，抗风险能力弱，市场竞争力不强，对全省经济发展效果不是特别显著，政府宁愿大力投资国有企业，如在2014年中国企业500强排行榜中，贵州没有一家民营企业上榜，只有国有企业贵州茅台上榜。此外，政府政策制定者受传统思想观念的影响，多数政策以国有企业为重，坚持国有企业为社会经济发展的主体，使得民营企业在各方面都受到了“所有制”的歧视性待遇，严重阻碍了民营企业的发展。

2市场方面的因素

截止2013年10月末，贵州省银行各项贷款余额10037亿元，比年初增加1679亿元，同比增加了315亿元，同比增长22%；各项存款余额12807亿元，全年新增存款首次超过24000亿元，较年初增加2238亿元，同比增加了659亿元，同比增长了24%。截止2013年12月31日，全省农村信用社存贷款月达50125亿元，其中存款余额突破3000亿元大关，达到3027.66亿元。虽然企业贷款较以前有所增加，但是在贵州省民营企业的发展中，仍存在贷款难的困境，由于贷款存在风险性的问题，所以银行对贷款非常谨慎，特别是对规模小，抗风险能力弱且成本高、收益低、周期长的民营企业的贷款。银行与贷款人之间存在信息不对称，银行不知贷款人的信誉和还贷能力，需要花费大量的人力物力去考察贷款人的情况，这加大了银行信贷部门的运营成本和风险。此外，民营企业除了遭受到“规模小”的歧视，还遭受到“所有制”的歧视，使得民营企业贷款更加难以进行。在贵州，农村信用社成了金融市场上一个特别有效的正规金融组织。当前，金融机构之间缺乏有效的竞争，金融服务质量与效率低下的问题，在很大程度上也造成了贵州省民营企业贷款难的现象。在市场经济条件下，农业银行等金融机构大都是以经济利益最大化为经营目的，试图获得最大的利益，对风险大、收益小的农村贷款尽量避免甚至不发放，客观上形成多数金融机构的资金只存不贷，从而导致大量资金外流。此外，由于贵州省经济发展滞后，经济基础薄弱，基础设施不完善，使得民营企业在发展中还存在吸引外资难的问题。

3企业自身方面的因素

就贵州省民营企业自身发展来说，多数民营企业都存在着产权结构不合理的问题，企业内部组织关系不稳定、管理层次不清晰；传统的家族经营模式不具规模性和计划性，在质量和财务等方面没有严格的标准规范，更重要的是企业没有一套科学合理的现代管理模式去指导企业产品的研发、生产、销售以及售后服务这一流程；人才机制的落后和不重视使得企业在发展中人才匮乏，缺少实用型人才，缺乏活力与创新的思想观念；企业管理者求稳求定，惧怕风险的守业思想根深蒂固，不敢创新，缺少品牌意识；另外受贵州省落后的经济社会与信息闭塞等各种因素的制约，也导致民营企业的管理者产生满足当前的成就，安于现状的心理。这些问题也成为民营企业资本形成的障碍。

三针对贵州省民营企业资本形成的不足提出对策建议

1政府应当重视民营经济的发展

加大宏观调控力度，制定和完善信贷管理制度。当前民营企业成为贵州省经济发展新的增长点，民营企业在整个贵州省经济发展中所做的贡献越来越大。首先，政府政策制定者必须转变观念，放宽政策，落实政策，制定一些针对中小民营企业的税收优惠政策，减少民营企业税收负担，为民营企业发展提供良好的正常环境，同时加强招商引资，积极改善投资环境，吸引内资和外资的注入，为促进民营企业的发展助力，也减少内资的外流。其次，制定和完善与民营企业发展相适应的信贷管理制度，拓宽民营企业贷款渠道，积极解决民营企业贷款难的问题，尽量为民营企业创造良好的融资环境。此外，政府还要完善金融监管职能，不要让民营企业继续遭受“规模小”“、所有制”的歧视。因为贷款难，造成资金链断裂，迫使企业倒闭。与此同时，政府积极为民营企业提供创业和经营等方面的指导，为贵州省民营企业发展提供便利的政策。

2转变观念，引入竞争机制

针对贵州省民营企业发展的特点，金融部门不应惧怕风险，完全以营利为目的，在政策上为作为贵州省经济发展主体的国有企业筹融资有大幅度的倾斜。金融机构积极加强对民营企业的指导和服务，建立健全民营企业的信贷担保体系，提升民营企业的信贷担保能力，提高民营企业在信贷市场的比例，拓宽民营企业的信贷渠道，鼓励和推广民营企业的管理者到银行贷款来发展企业，为民营企业筹融资提供便利条件。同时，引入金融机构竞争机制，银行金融机构应和其他非金融贷款机构形成有效的竞争机制，贷款主体多元化，从而为民营企业筹融资提供良好的环境。

3转变企业经营管理理念

篇3

Each visitor:

How are you, welcome you to Guilin to travel, I am your guide**.

Seven star parks are located in downtown Li river's east coast in Guilin, small east the river flow Guan in the interval and cover area more than 100 hectares, because seven mountain peaks of seven star mountains, the such as Great Dipper on the sky falls onto ground but get.There are"Great Dipper", "camel hump red Xia", "crescent moon Hong shadow", and"Pu Tuo stone wood"...etc. in the park winning a view, occupy the United States of mountain, river, hole and stone.There are seven star rock, Long Yin Dong, crescent moon rock, once male rock, camel mountain, Long Yin Yan and flower bridge, crescent moon building, children's playground, zoo, three generals and 800 brave man's last homes, mosque and flower arrangement skill Yuans in the famous tourist spot, laurel sea stone tablet Lin Deng.Be biggest for Guilin, the visitor is the most prosperous, historic grow most of a comprehensive sex park.

Seven star mountains are in the Li river's east coast, 1000 meters apart from the city center, from the Pu Tuo mountain Shu in the sky and sky Xuan and sky Ji, power 4 Fengs and the crescent moon mountain jade Heng in sky, open sun, precious jade light 3 Fengs constitute, elevation one by one in order is 265, 255, 248, 245, 255, 241, 250 meters, 7 mountain points almost put on a level.The crescent moon of Pu Tuo, one east a west, mutual connect belong to, distribute like space Great Dipper, mountain with this is since then.The mountain is honourable to accumulate 51.5 hectares, with rock many hole the strange Zhao call.Seven star rocks but outside, have a dollar breeze and Xuan force, great white crane hole and four fairy rocks, once Mr. rock etc. was several ten mountain caves.The stone wood of the mountain of Pu Tuo, suddenly Zheng Rong.Under the camel hump of flower arrangement Yuan, gather stone wood in Guilin, it wins, the Cang is vigorously outstanding, and the generosity of spirit is uncommon.Is more precious, have Sui Tang the sculpture carvings is more than 500 pieces.

Pillar stone in the sky spends bridge in seven star west of parks east.The stone pretty stirs to stand erect like pillar, so have an of "pillar in the sky".Again such as the lotus that don't put, as well"lotus stone".The stone is about 10 meters in height, up engrave "hair Ze east thought long live"7 big words.The north faces to work properly a sword river, in the river Ji stone up build a small station.Southeast luxuriant tree spring onion Long, the thick Yin escorts.The stone Dian has little leaf Rong, graceful such as the cover.Pillar northern side in the sky engraves to have Chong rather five years(1106) and flood marking of Guangxu 11 years(1885), is the important data that studies an ancient hydrology.Is late pure famous to face a laurel phrase person condition the week Yi once stayed for a sky, pillar Feng bottom, had "the somebody else in pillar Feng in the sky" small print a , often the cover is on the phrase Jian.

Spend the bridge works properly in seven center doors in the star park the sword's river remits with little east river to match place, blooming flowers in the bridge side, the small bridge Yan reflects between "the full rivulet water half river spends", past famous courtesan bridge.

Seven star rocks are located in seven Pu Tuo halfway up a hills in star park, the mountain cave grows about 1100 meters, the breadth place is 50 meters, and the tallest place is 20 meters.Seven star rocks call to stay a Xia hole, green jade again rock falsely etc., the of seven star rocks is risen to Sung generation.The rock is originally an underground river bed, behind change because of earth crust, underground river ascension, peep out a ground to become mountain cave, afterward the rain water follows a rock blind side infiltration over a long period of time, deliquescence limestone, and continuously crystallize in the hole, form many stalactites, stalagmite, stone pillar and stone drapery thus, form an extraordinary sight natural beautiful scenery.Seven star rocks are one of Guilin's most famous resortses at present.

The mountain of Pu Tuo is located in inside seven star parks, from the Shu in sky and sky Xuan and sky Ji and power four Fengs in skies constitute.Because Tang before the mountain set up the view sound that the temple oblation saves all beings, past Pu Tuo mountain.Lu in the south of Shanxi has a dollar wind tunnel and counts nine warm air of being cold sky of, outside emittings;Midsummer intense heat, wind is blowing gently.The top of hill Fang grass is like bacterium, the Cui cypress is heavy, and the ancient wood is three days.Ten classes from the gate to a monastery but up, the cicada Zao bird blares, Lin Jing Shan You.The halfway up a hill has the Pu Tuo the Jing to give up, arch in the cornice door, azure stone Zhu Shi, plain negative great reputation.Go toward left lead green jade falsely rock, true Wu Ge, four fairies caves, then arrive seven Chinese and Foreign star rock of Fei voice, go toward right continue to climb mountain, the capable anti- day then dies of three generals and 800 brave man last home.The mountain of Pu Tuo has the in the past sculpture carvings more than 100 pieces and famously have Tang Yan Zhen the Qing handwriting placard book"free and unfettered building", Sung Li Yan Bi 《Xiang south the building record 》 and"the turtle snake unites as one" ectype etc..

The gate to a monastery of Pu Tuo at Pu Tuo southern Lu, set up in 1972.A front door that ascends the mountain of Pu Tuo is the building that imitates a station type, is spent a short wall by a to box off mountain body and flat ground, in the center open a circular arched door, the top is a hard ridge to raise a Yan ascent crest, green glazed tiles, 4.5 meters in height, grow 6.7 meters, deep 4.6 meters, the area is 26.8 square meters.The horizontal tablet that hangs "the mountain of Pu Tuo" on the door, the scrolls of"cicada Zao the wood calm down more, the bird blares mountain more You" cent hangs two sides, the whole gate to a monastery Yan reflects in the tree thick Yin in thou and seems to be more nice and secluded and silent.

Take off seven star mountain Ji apexes in the sky that the star station is located in elevation 248 meters, list Yan and 8 pillarses are 8 capes, concrete structure, grow breadth each 5.2 meterses, 6.5 meters in height, the area is 27.04 square meters, set up in 1958.Taking off the star station is seven the star mountains are 7 unique mountain peak high stations, sign on the station, can with the Kuang view.East can the mountain of Tiao Yao, saint, screen and cat mountain in sky;North may worry mountain, fold colourful, battle wave, old man various mountain and pure Li river;The west can appreciate trunk, south the river Be various to win, past once had an of "Kuang view station".

It is in the Pu Tuo mountain south Lu gate to a monastery to protect a stone tablet station eastern side.1974 builds, with 《Xiang south the building record 》 of the Qing book"free and unfettered building" of Tang Yan Zhen and Sung Li Yan Bi that the protection together engraves in the yin and yang both sides precious sculpture carvings, past protect a stone tablet station.Because"free and unfettered building" comes from everyone's handwriting, the stone tablet station is again called "free and unfettered station".The station is 4.5 meters in height, grow 6.7 meters, deep 4.6 meters, the area is 30.6 square meters, for 4 pillars of reinforced concrete structure, list the Yan and green tile Be in the style of antique to construct, simple and cultured, not with the stone tablet contends for winning, and has protect stone tablet, meeting view of function.Follow a stone tablet station, appreciate a calligraphy art and browse square ambition data and have both park to win an interesting view, is a really enjoy happy event.Originally there is also clear pack of Yu 《rebuild city stone tablet in Guangxi province to record 》 inside the station, now already he moves.

The text Chang station is in the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill, "super Du clean territory" right side, takes a text to carry a prosperous idea, because of place thick Yin Song of the Cui, again"hug a Cui station", is heavy Yan, point the crest is 8 Cape stations.At first Be set up to clearly, there is building, ruined during the period of war against Japan, lately set up in the original address in 1965.Is 8 meters in height, grow each 5.7 meterses of breadths, the area is 32.4 square meters.The station north borders on small Peng Lai, the east gives up for the Pu Tuo Jing, west, south have a short wall railing, is with Tiao good place.

The dollar wind tunnel thou calls Xuan wind tunnel and is so called the labor quantity Sui rock.In the Pu Tuo Lu in Shanxi, entrance to cave west to, 3~24 meters in height, the breadth is 2~15 meters, deep 250 meters, the area is 1945 square meters.Dollar wind tunnel and the mountain of Pu Tuo other holes have mutually and form air convection, the entrance to cave contains a sturdy current of air, and the air inside the hole is delightfully fresh.Because of sunshine, the separation and reunion of mountain body calories, the air temperature in the cave whole year round keeps about 20 ℃ .Temperature outside the hole, the summer is as tallest as 39 ℃ , lowest in winter-5 ℃ .The outside temperature inside the hole differs 15 ℃ or so.Jotting down of"is like fire in winter, cover sun Fu it advertise for also" in 《visit to record 》 that inside the hole"Wen Liang don't condition" and farmland Ru for engraving becomes accurately generalized characteristics and its reason of dollar wind tunnel warm in winter and cool in summer.Sung poet, Zhao Shao Yin, once set up "came to breeze station" in the entrance to cave, clear Lyu Diao Yang once built "seven star Ans"s, pure changed to "big wise An", now already depletion.

Three general last homes are in the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill of the Bo hope ping.In November, 1944, invade Guilin of soldier to defend a war in the anti- shot Japan in, 31 soldier chief of staff Lyu Zhan receive, defend the mountain soldier commander's headquarters chief of staff Chen Ji Huan, 131 Yong heroic sacrifice of the teacher teacher Kan Weis.In 1946, the Kuomintang government sets up "three general last homes"s to be in remembrance of by showing, the Jiang Jie Shi, Li Zong Ren and white Chong Xi all has a word.1982 rebuilds, the graveyard presents a bottle gourd form, and the breadth is 16 meters, grow 20 meters, cover 320 square meters.

Think of the old days the station hopes ping in the Pu Tuo mountain Bo 800 the strong soil last homes are beside and set up in 1946.With Be in remembrance of an anti- day to fall in action officers and men and fondle to think of the old days now, absorb blood of precept, as well Ji loyalty station.Is 7.5 meters in height, the breadth is 5.3 meters, grows 4.2 meters, the area is 22.26 square meters, a brick pillar, list Yan, point the in the style of antique station of the crest, green tile, square, win have the stone table the Deng to be provided to pay homage to brief rest.

The Pu Tuo Jing gives up in the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill, the 2nd gate to a monastery"super dust clean territory" after of in the hillside.Is at first an old the temple of Pu Tuo address, tored down an all old building in 1959, re- build, change the name"Pu Tuo the Jing give up".The Jing gives up to construct for red pillar, powder wall, hard ridge, raising the 2 F floor Ge type of Yan, ascent crest, green tile.The 1 F grows 17.3 meters, deep 12 meters, 2 F the length is slightly small, always construct the area as about 400 square meters.The positive house opens my, the upstairs on all sides open a window and up have the view view the hall.The Pu Tuo rock precipice the natural stone before the wall hold, "super dust clean territory" gate to a monastery and Pu Tuo the Jing give up, the text Chang station, and small Peng Lai...etc. are a set of wrong fall to have to of building, form to seal but don't shut more to change structure and form, go up to upper floor to appreciate, city scene, the forest is strange interest, each present thriving source of vitality.

Pu Tuo stone the wood is in the Pu Tuo halfway up a hill of Pu Tuo Jing before giving up, 9 meters in height, the area is about 150 square meters, present an equilateral polygon not.Devolution, the place officials of Tang Dynasty choose a stone to pay tribute imperial government here and enjoy Tang to believe in Li Shi Min's fancy too much and see as"Rui stone", the Juan engraves 《90% temple Li spring Ming 》 that the famous calligraphist Europe sun inquires in it up, money hides a temple in.Li Jing serves as laurel state manager, Tang believes in to instruct him to investigate "Rui stone" habitat too much and know Be produced to the mountain of Pu Tuo, the Chi life sets up to celebrate Lin Guan, and resist the book"celebrate Lin Guan" to grant a sum.Pu Tuo stone wood, Lin Feng Lin Xun, suddenly the Zheng Rong, the most strange United States, is the hat of three greatest stones wood of Guilin.

The building that is small to meet Lai park.In the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill, before Pu Tuo Jing give up, Pu Tuo stone left side wood, set up in Guangxu for 18 years.(1892)Grow a gallery for the station Ge type, red pillar, ascent crest, green tile, grow 16 meters, the breadth is 6 meters, the crest is 6.5 meters in height, construct area 96 square meters.The gallery west contains short fence, can look beyond city with the column east good prosperity.Have "small Peng Lai" the horizontal tablet on the mountain wall, the station pillar cent hangs the allied sentence of Ma Jun Wu of famous educator:"The desirable state in city often rounds a dream soul and sighs half a lifetime to float zero, hence with famous mountain become long separation;The Ling form is all old, often through leave in disorder, hope a home town handsome, totally raise a long plan to peaceful."

The Bo hopes a station the Ao is at the Pu Tuo mountain Ji Feng half mountain in sky up, is reinforced concrete structure, 8 pillars, list Yan, raise a Cape, green tile and rectangular in the style of antique station, the breadth is about 4 meters, grow more than 10 rices, area 40 square meters are or so.The station is set up to mountain lodge, and rice, deep 180 meters, the area is 2000 square meters.The Sung southern west road plans to pacify to make cloth once, sex was pleased to visit strange, discovered for dollar plentiful two years(1079) and develop, opened up for the tourist spot.Sung Liu Yi 《the once male rock records 》 Be detailed to carry its matter.Once the male rock was a charming mountain body geography match, proper in the near view took a distant look before the mountain mountain after scenery, the Fu Yang looked around, everywhere went into a painting.

Stay a Xia station in the mountain of Pu Tuo four fairy rock.Start Be set up to Sung, "the Zan takes", Liu Ke Zhuang 《the Zan takes a station 》 has the sentence of "above mentioned green Lin Miao, exert laurel state with the column" ·Manchu dynasty after rebuilding an easy"lean on Lan" behind change "green jade falsely station", ruin in anti- day a battle fire.Set up "stay a Xia station" in the original address after fighting the invading army victory.Lately set up again in 1979, follow an of using"stay Xia".The station contains the door in month, and then calls "tread the station in month".The station is the 2 F reinforced concrete structure and list Yan square the station, area is 25 square meters.The first floor makes a box office, the upper level is a view view station.The top and bottom of the visitor, if wear cloud to tread a month, with green jade falsely Ge to should.Exaggerated the artistic conception of "sky the human life".

Xuan Wu Dong at Pu Tuo mountain the north connect with great white crane hole halfway up a hill.The entrance to cave faces west north, 5~6 meters in height, the breadth is 2~15 meters, deep 21 meters, the area is 230 square meters.The hole presents a trumpet form, front greatly behind small.There is all true view in the hole and is set up by a dollar generation and change name true Wu Ge clearly, the empress changes to Xuan Wu Ge again because of the taboo, the hole as well changes the name Xuan Wu Dong.Xuan Wu Ke early discards and weighs a cover after fighting the invading army victory, tores down an original space in 1989 and re- builds.On being partial to a just, distinguish for the in the style of antique concrete structure of 45, 100 square meters, fly Cape, list Yan, 6.5 meters in height.Be partial to a guest south to, the positive Ge is western to, all have "Xuan Wu Ge" horizontal tablet.From was partial to Ge to ascend 10 few class stone stairs, reached positive Ge, is 8 pillar halls, the front could look beyond the Pu Tuo foothill prettiness with the column, empress the great white crane hole , through four fairy rocks, reach seven star rocks that smells a far and near.Through attic southern window, can see Ming Dynasty's ectype 《the turtle snake unites as one 》 .

The Xuan is martial, the northern water absolute being in ancient Chinese myth, behind is a religion of Taoism believe in, the together green dragon, woman without pubic hair and Vinaceous Rosefinch matches to call everywhere four absolute beings, its image is turtle or turtle snake to mutually tie up.This ectype skillfully makes use of the natural color and luster of rock, the vulture becomes martial image of the Xuan of the snake of the turtle, pale red color in green gray.The turtle, jelly-fish, puts on armor, there is defense water fire knife idea of soldier, expressed the masses of the people to pursue the wishes of stabilizing the good luck.

Great white crane hole at Pu Tuo mountain north halfway up a hill, with four fairy rocks and Xuan Wu Dong connects with each other.The hole is 3~4 meters in height, the breadth is 6~7 meters, deep 23 meters, the area is 150 square meters, present a tube form.The hole wall stone line,such as great white crane, flies, one stone pillar in hole, like crane leg, so have great white crane hole of call.The great white crane hole is from the rock of Pu Tuo, Xuan Wu Dong get into seven star rocks necessarily from of road, the geography is higher but turns and twists, and gloom inside the hole, pass from vulgar but high, from become dark clearly, again my bright four fairy rocks, give person with change Huan everlasting of mysterious feeling.

Four fairy rocks are located in the Pu Tuo north of Shanxi halfway up a hill, connect with great white crane hole, 7.3 meters in height, the breadth is 4~13 meters, deep 32 meters, the area is about 270 square meters, present the form of Qiong Long, the last bottom is even, and the north connects seven star rocks.The entrance to cave is spacious and my bright, the Juan engraves many works in the Mo precipice, there are 4 stalagmites inside the rock, fabulous that day China, month China and star China and interloper joyful is drink to heart's content, increase a miraculous color for mountain cave.Sung, the rock sets up "the Zan takes a station" and early discards.Lately set up a month station and stay a Xia station in the original address in 1978.

The rock of Pu Tuo gives up a north side in the Pu Tuo Jing of the Pu Tuo mountain half waist, 4~10 meters in height, the breadth is 6~9 meters, deep 15 meters, the area is about 120 square meters.Pu Tuo rock the southern north is like triangle book Peng towards wearing, Gao Bi Tong deeply, form.The ground is a slope, there are 25 class stone stairses, divide 3 class ascents to decline, win to establish flower nursery.The Ming Dynasty sets up a green jade in the hole the building once called falsely green jade falsely hole, the building early discards.

Always the spring is in the mountain of Pu Tuo halfway up a hill Pu Tuo stone Lin Pang is one to be like rice Jiu similar natural stone cave, deeply about 30 Li rices, in have already accumulated water, even if in the year of big drought, also never dried up, probably and underground headwaters mutually, in order to make tea, pure sweet proper.

Fly to a stone in stone Guilin, the life Buddha in the Pu Tuo mountain northwest hole south side, listenned to a past address of the station in month a side at first, because of stone have no root, spread for fly of stone.Is 6.4 meters in height, present to pour a cone form, top greatly next small.The crest is even, on all sides cave convex gravamen, up have "may language" two words, is a pure person, remaining heart Ru engrave.

Dynasty cloud hole is located in Pu Tuo Shanxi halfway up a hill, the south has the life Buddha the hole, the breadth is my if hall, entrance to cave west to, 3~6 meters in height, the breadth is 3~4 meters, grow 45 meters, the area is 157 square meters.When dynasty fog was fond of Man, cloud Ning entrance to cave, so call dynasty cloud.The hole expands in Ming Dynasty, the great void monk fixs a Deng way, and set up building Ge in cliff.The entrance to cave has pure poem to engrave 2.

Green jade falsely the Ge is in the mountain of Pu Tuo seven star rock, because of letter green jade in Ge falsely station but get.The Ge is 7 meters in height, the area is 270 square meters.Falsely the green jade station discards for Sung generation constructing, early.Rebuild in the original address in 1956, tore down to change to set up in 1974, Be finished in 19792 F to visit the gallery type station Ge.Xuan steps but up, the upper level visits 2 of the gallery conjunction all of the dissymmetries to visit a station:In the big station, can see prospect in the city;In the small station, can look down seven star rock studio scene.Green jade falsely Ge building, conceive outline a choiceness, absorb Guangxi three river distance sun bridge and the race, folks of"mourn building" in Guilin construct form, station and Ge to in multiple layers pick and increase agile feeling and build on stilts effect, outstanding topic in"the green jade is falsely", drive construct boundary fame for have the examples of the place, race special feature.

Once male rock original the cold water rock , in the Pu Tuo south of Shandong, is as close together as zoo and once made seven star rock exports.The rock is 4~20 meters in height, the breadth is 5~50 meters, hole mansion, have a stone door before the rock, "crooked and go into, then the flowing water is horizontal among them, green jade the milk hang it up, week wreath four see, its form,such as vulture Juan, engraves Lou, the Dai proceeds from ghost work and different from melt knot of is also".The clear stream that comes from underground river wears a rock and leads, river water ice Lie, so also call a cold water rock, this is the special feature that it differs from another mountain cave.The entrance to cave leaves Sung to engrave more than 10 pieces.The hole wall contains slogans, such as"the mountain cave is a school" and"the enemy is bombing, we are having a class"...etc..The period of the war against Japan is all like that used to antiair mountain cave, reflected Chinese people to resist foreign aggression of fight the invading army decision and necessarily win conviction.

The life Buddha hole is located in the Pu Tuo Lu in Shanxi, 3.4 meters in height, the breadth is 6.4 meters, deep 8.5 meters, the area is about 54 square meters.The Ming Dynasty creates for the life Buddha An.Set up to stay a Xia temple before the An.《Face a laurel county ambition 》 carries:"Fluently cure for eight years(1651), Chu the monk Hun is harmonious still is setting up in order to stay a Xia temple, rise to hide through the Ge and listen to the station in month, palace building hall, have the greatest beautiful, the landscape rounds wreath, the bamboo tree Yan reflects and win to visit for a mansion of ground."Clearing out a clue to rebuild for 18 years(1892) is ruined to a battle fire behind.

Play a son rock the mountain is at the Pu Tuo north Lu, the entrance to cave is high my, the breadth is 14 meters, 6~9 meters in height, the breadth is 4~8 meters, deep 65 meters, the area is 280 square meters, assume Hu-like in shape.Li way the dollar 《water through note 》 says:"Mountain very and river, win to have a stone if pill, natural circle bead Yi, past landscape namely how, check its mountain to contain stone Dou, bottom deeply count Zhang, profound on the hole, don't  investigate it pole."Sung Chun Xi(1174~1189), the widely southern west road plans to pacify to make Liu Zhun, "buy land for the Pu, separate bridge to build a station, look upwards rock, if sit cold spring, to fly to various Feng, hence win to visit for Guilin it most".The wall has Sung generation many sculpture carvingses.

Stay a spring rock the mountain is at the Pu Tuo north Lu, the south is apart from to play son rock 50 meters, 3.5~4 meters in height, the breadth is 3~5 meters, deep 18 meters, the area is 69 square meters.One plain before the rock, the spring returns to the earth, the eyeful is lately green, and it make people linger.The rock takes an idea of its"staying to take spring is resident".Stay a spring rock the landscape is so-so, Sung person the beam Anne's a life time wait 《the milk bed endows with 》 that leaves in the cliff, but is a treatise clock milk stone that can not get more to become because of of science thesis, point out "spring spring summer but ooze to flow, over a long period but Ning …… with year old but account it, 100,000 years but Ying inch", be worth very much my open.There is platform before the rock, Sung generation once set up building Ge and provided the place the officials to inspect a spring sowing of use, so called to save a spring rock.Sung 《spring rock in the province 》 poem of Liu Xi Dan:"province spring rock the side order spring dress, alongside the hole mountain spring immerses hole Ji", "the mire Yan doesn't come to light Ji, the wild Lu Gu flies to take to fall Hui".Wrote spring rock in the province to rather get a visitor to appreciate.

Double loyalty station at work properly sword river Ge the old bridge is northern, start Be set up to Kangxi 53 years(1714), in order to Be in remembrance of don't die clearly of Ju type the Si and piece is together my, past again"double loyalty ancestral temple".Guangxu 18 years(1892) reconstruction, increased Hun harmonious still, sex is because of the spirit tablets, such as monk and righteous person Yang Yi...etc..Fight the invading army a period be ruined, the ruins still save.

The crescent moon mountain is located in inside seven star parks, is the Dou handle one of the Fengs of seven star mountains, have a rock because of the halfway up a hill like new moon, past.Ming Dynasty Meng's knowing well a crescent moon rock poem is great:"The sky establishes rock beard for thou, the crescent moon white is now.Tree low thousand shoreses turn, hole my ten thousand Fengses invade", the crescent moon mountain beautiful scenery daintiness, Shanxi follow small east the river have stone class to ascend, follow the road has a companion station, crescent moon rock for month, small widely cold Ge and Jin river Ge etc. view, and all face river's noodles, the visual field is spacious, view in Guilin City know Chen at present, the visitor is might it not be free of mind and happy of heart.Get to Shanxi southern Lu under the stone class, there is Long Yin Dong, Long Yin Yan and laurel sea stone tablet Lin Deng famous spot in Guilin.

Crescent moon building the jade Heng in the crescent moon mountain Feng northern Lu.3 F, bottom for the restaurant, small shop, win is a vegetarian food building, top is party hall, belvedere.The lord building grows 31 meters, deep 13 meters, the total area is about 1200 square meters.Have the hallway to build on stilts and the empress mountain arbor mutually after the building.The whole building constitutes to°from the building, station and gallery, the height is wrong to fall, rise and fall to, combine with close natural environment.The vegetarian food here contains more than 100 years of history and only has one space.Go up to upper floor to taste place taste of at the same time, can also watch with interest the mountain of Pu Tuo and Bo to hope station and Pu Tuo the Jing give up, flower bridge, exhibition and far mountain near view.If Guo Mo the poem lauds in 1963:"The crescent moon building is an art gallery building, eight noodles strange Feng Huo far Mou.The none draws in the Wu strange building and draw difficult and white however excellent."

The companion month station closes to a crescent moon rock on the crescent moon mountain mountain way, takes an idea of rock with the companion crescent moon.Start to set up in Manchu dynasty, twice rebuild for 1958, 1978 years.For 4 pillars, list Yan and Zan point crest square station, long, breadth each 2.9 meters, the area is 8.4 square meters, have a half month form view view the set pick a small east river on, is to overlook river's water, the Yao sees "flower bridge Hong shadow" of a little bit the best.

The crescent moon rock is in the crescent moon halfway up a hill in the north of Shanxi, 2~3 meters in height, the breadth is 1.5~3 meters, deep 10.5 meters, the area is 25 square meters.BE spending Jiao to take a distant view, the rock is like new moon.Inside the rock, it is pure to set up crescent moon mountain of temple, 2 F, up is a view sound palace, descend is a big male treasure palace, Be ruined to fight the invading army a war signal.Lately set up "being small is widely cold" building Ge in the old address in 1963, another set up Jin of river Ge connect with each other by flying arched bridge.At my view view, positive such as pure person, Zhang Bao, describe:"Luo Feng far near heap of 1000:00, the parapet returns to wreath to lock 10000.The jade bamboo shoot precious jade Zan mountain painting, Dan maple purple Mao leaf such as spend."

The small wide Sui is in the crescent moon mountain crescent moon rock.In 1964 at crescent moon mountain temple old address, depend on alongside rock cave situation to build 3 open 2 F in the style of antique building Ge, hard ridge, ascent crest, raise Cape, up have already flown arched bridge and Jin river Ge connect with each other and construct area 230 square meters and establish to travel a merchandise to order, is the ideal place of view view, shopping.

Jin river Ge is by the side of the crescent moon mountain crescent moon rock, at first Be set up to pure, text Chang Ge, fought the invading army a period break ruin.Be finished behind far Tiao building, change the name in 1958 Jin river Ge;Change to set up for the reinforced concrete structure in 1959, 14 meters in height, long breadth each 7.8 meters, the total area is more than 120 square meters.

In 1964 from the building science institute for research theory in China and design in the history laboratory, with small widely cold unified construct, two all is 2 F, but Jin river the Ge elevation is higher.Is small widely cold horizontal composition, 6 capes tower aloft and form a concealed on showing, one low one Gao, one empress a front, one horizontal strong contrast of one Shu.Jin river Ge locates at in leading to the scenery way of Long Yin Donging crescent moon mountain, the north contains flower bridge, the northwest has an old man and fold colourful various mountain, descend face a little east river, is a visitor necessarily through of way, again is appreciate and spend bridge an and take the divine spot that the lovely view constellates.

The station of Can Luan's stone on the stage in the east side of Long Yin Yan, takes more"fly Luan the Xia Can is not" poetry.《Ambition in Guangxi 》 carries and discards for Chengkong University Fan of Sung setting up, behind.Clear reconstruction, change the name Yi cloud station.Clear pack of Yu 《rebuild Yi cloud station to record 》 detailed record it to start don't, Mo precipice depend on sparse can Bian.The station of Can Luan is ex- to face small east of river, empress Tuo Shanxi north Lu, life Buddha hole south side, with fly to a stone close together.It is 7.5 meters in height, present not equilateral polygon.Is verdant to hold such as the jade, the pure Tong Jun engraves "the Cui holds cold rain" on the stone.

The Lan month station at the crescent moon mountain precious jade light apex, original hiss cloud station.There is mountain climbing way by the side of Jin river Ge can reach.This 70's in century lately sets up, is 4 pillar concrete structure in the style of antique station, 6.5 meters in height, grow 5.4 meters, the breadth is 5.8 meters, the area is 31.3 square meters.Sung light Xu sum, the week visits a book to unite.The Li river slowly flows through from north but south, the Tong clan drum building of the east coast race romantic feeling park is high towering to sign, west coast worry mountain, fold colourful, Fu wave, only show and old man the various Feng come clearly to view, looking beyond Guilin to win another good place.

Dan laurel rock at the downtown crescent moon mountain Jin river the Ge west 50 meters place.As well call to soar to the skies hole.The hole river faces west, deep 6 meters, the breadth is 5 meters.Pile up at culture of thick about 2 meterses in, contain the knot soil of Huang He Jiao and Luo hull to pile up a layer, learn in although discover to whet to make bone needle and the deer, pig and sheep animal skeleton and a great deal of petal gill water vivid thing skeleton.It is the ruins of neolithic ancients hole.Because of sabotage, greatly parts of culture pile up depletion already, there is still a little amount damaged site in only cave Houpi.

The Cui holds one of the stones in stone Guilin, at Pu spring.The milk stone inside the hole hangs to hang, the gloom forces Ze, the visitors halt enough to explore more strange, stay Mo rocky cliff to engrave more than 100 pieces.Sung Xi rather set up a sakya temple at Long Yin Yan and is four one of the name templeses for laurel state.Set up to hide stone tablet Ge in 1963.Set up a stone tablet gallery in 1988, the gallery Ge connects with each other and call laurel sea stone tablet wood.Build to display building, 3 F at the rock side again afterward, Gao Ge, song gallery and cornice, the total area reaches to 100 square meters, breadth my brightness, is hide exhibition and view view accompany proper good facilities.

Long Yin Dong is in the crescent moon Lu in the north of Shanxi, 8~12 meters in height, the breadth is 8~20 meters, grow 64 meters, the area is 645 square meters.Have large one, wind around, Jiao strength stone slot Guan hole crest, spread for old Long Yin this to leave trace.The little east river is flowing to note hole, "the gold scale reflection on water water floats empty", reappear the view interest that broke wall but flew in those early years for visitor.Setting up a view view's set at the northwest of the hole in 1963 is the desirable state of view"absolute being dragon".All ages, the visitor isn't unique.Tang Song's sculpture carvings in hole about 100, the posterity has "the wall didn't finish a stone" it to sigh.

In Lu in crescent moon Shanxi, Long Yin Yan is as close together as Long Yin Dong.The rock is 3~5 meters in height, the breadth is 20 meters, deep 10 meters, the area is 200 square meters.Entrance to cave west to, present the form of Qiong Long, be like a pocket, be so called a calico sack rock.Spread an old dragon inside the once concealed rock, the empress is from Long Yin Dong"broke wall but flew", so had Long Yin's.This rock develops a little bit early, Sung person, Tan Ping, lies to say, "world cave, the type is many You yins, or far water, pure rhyme shortage;Long Yin Yan is tall but clear, falsely but have been already permitted, probably green jade fall hole, but ascend to look at of rich then lead it".The southern corner of rock, the eminence contains one rock of hanging, hangs hole;There is one hole in the northern side of rock and be like a trumpet shell, trumpet shell hole, have platform before the hole, is Chan set, have a drop of jade the spring in hole, spread for boil Ming depend on crescent moon foothill, "fly the wing drum, the surroundings contains column, the Zhi declines road", become the ground of generation famous spot.The thou station doesn't reply to save.The original address lately sets up now, concrete structure, 6.5 meters in height, grow breadth each 3.5 meterses, the area is 12.25 square meters, reply an of "Can Luan".

Assist star mountain in the Pu Tuo mountain south, crescent moon Shandong noodles, the elevation is 221 meters, the opposite height is about 71 meters, and the area is 2.75 hectares.《Ambition in Guangxi 》 carries:"Seven star mountain, seven Feng positions are like Big Dipper, another small Feng aside, the day assists a star."The mountain has a small way to travel over, crescent moon mountain, give seven star parks even to add an interesting.

Hilt of a sword stone at the crescent moon mountain jade Heng Feng north, be like a the hilt of a sword that a double-edged sword to peep out in the mountain.The stone is 14.4 meters in height, isolated and lofty, up engrave "row Cui it holds"4 ancient form of writings, is one of five name stones in Guilins.

The camel mountain is one of famous mountains in Guilin City in seven star parks, original wine pot mountain.Very much resembling camel because of its status, hence it.Whenever morning and night, the Xia only reflects to show off mountain stone, the color and luster is rich in hues, very sublime.Clearly pure, below the hills the time plants peach tree, if meet spring into, peach blossom lousy Man, river Xia is purple work, divide an outside flirtatious.Therefore, "pot mountain red Xia" is new Manchu dynasty Guilin eight one of the viewses.The mountain around opens up zoo and the flower arrangement skill pavilions and terraces building Ges, such as Yuan and flower nursery tea room...etc. now.The peach blossom remains, the laurel becomes a wood, flower and fruit full park, "pot mountain red Xia" much more more gorgeous Zi.

Flower arrangement park at seven southeasts in the star park, camel mountain south side, Be finished in 1985, the area is more than 4355 square meters and divide water stone, stake view, milk stone 3 view areas, water stone view area , from entrance to landscape gallery, establish various absorb water stone, water side stone makes into of the flower arrangement , from landscape gallery to water Xie, display various tree stake flower arrangement and outdoor tree stake and cover 2465 square meter;The milk stone view area , from water Xie to exit, displays various clock milk stone flower arrangement and cover 830 square meters, this is the essence of whole Yuanses, it is more totally different than the hole mansion of dreamlike sort.But is to expose under the bright and beautiful sunlight, return it pure and noble original appearance, have of Can if morning glow, the Cui having is like Dai jade, have of absolutely is spray thin of fly spring.Each kind of flower arrangement being all about 2000 belongs to delicacy all, each poetic charm, the idea interest is natural, and adopted window hole, view window, view door and pick plank, ground the view, the Bo thou etc. variety to display style.Constuct inside the view area, set out extremely different, or pond fish, fold a stone, wild goose wall and fence, or even bridge, song gallery, water Xie and pavilions and terraces, or grove, bamboo grove, turf-grass and rattan, with the building essay, courtyard and plant conjunction or box off into some spaces, the turns and twists is nice and secluded, such as go into fairyland, it concuss absolute being the public to move, eyes not the Xia answer.

Work properly a sword river work properly a sword river and work properly sword river again, eastern in the city, come from sun house of southern big river country in Yao Shanxi of northern, the southern Yao mountain highway is one garden pond, there is spring in the pond, whole year round not He.From the pond go to Lu Mao ping An in Yao Shanxi the neighborhood there is one gutters to the north, plentiful water season, water infusion works properly a sword river.Seven bullet mountains work properly a sword river to round its bottom, there is of bullet river.Work properly sword hair to stay a spring rock and play son rock, comrade's bridge, Zhang Shu Mu, seven star mountains from the Yao mountain, through spring rock in the province, will be small east river, round crescent moon, Long Yin, go to wear mountain person Li river, all grow about 9 kilometers.It flows through numerous famous vestige of winnings, it is also most shown affection for by visitor.

篇4

【关键词】 运营商 企业文化 转型

企业在面临内外部环境的变化与挑战、遭受经营管理危机时往往会通过重塑自己的战略、改变经营模式或者业务层面的创新来稳固竞争地位、维持发展稳定，而企业文化的转型通常并不被认为是解决上述问题的法门。管理大师埃德加・沙因认为“文化围绕战略、架构、流程，它们是环绕和相互作用的关系。众多战略咨询顾问失败的原因，是他们没有认识到其战略建议在文化环境中可能不起作用”。因此，企业在解决经营管理问题、酝酿重大变革时，有必要关注企业文化是否与之适应，进而开展必要的文化转型。

一、运营商变革的几大方向

促使企业变革的因素是多方面的，诸如激烈的市场竞争、商业模式的剧变和技术的快速更新迭代，以及来自企业内部的变化等等。而对于当前的通信运营商来说，驱动变革的因素可谓错综复杂：外部来说，市场不均衡的格局仍孕育着行业重组的可能、OTT等新兴业态替代效应加剧、用户日趋低值化和低粘度、提速降费等政策不利影响还在消化；内部来讲，存在高层的变化余波尚未平息、创新遇到机制体制障碍、员工的士气急待激发等等问题。应对这些问题，运营商的变革方向我们大致可以梳理出几条主线。

一是竞合。运营商正逐渐摆脱以往单赢的思路，从打破垄断到参与竞争，而今走向共享竞合，方式也不仅限于开放能力和产业链上下游合作，运营商还放低姿态，通过从互联网公司取长补短培植业务创新基因，甚至是同业之间也在为寻找共同利益消弭隔阂，例如电信与联通正在全面加紧合作，在网络共建共享等战略方面达成了合作。

二是聚焦。从广撒网到精耕作，运营商愈发重视“网络生命线”，聚焦4G与光宽带网络，聚焦高价值群体和区域。中国移动实施“大连接”战略，巩固4G领先优势、抓住“高起点、高质量、高价值”三大关键点发展宽带，中国联通则围绕重点城市的4G精品网络的建设，着力打造匠心网络，其重点创新业务云计算、大数据、物联网等也无不是与网络基础设施深度相关的领域。

三是释放员工价值。随着就业吸引力下降，运营商开始重新审视与员工的关系，注重员工价值的挖潜，进行了多种优化人员结构、激发队伍活力的调整尝试。2013年，中国电信既已试点“划小合算单元”改革，员工打破现有职位，重新向经营单位竞聘上岗，中国联通也在大力推动“人岗匹配”工作。而近年来，运营商提出的员工创业扶持政策，也是激活员工创新能力的有益尝试。

二、运营商企业文化的现状与问题

企业文化的核心是企业公开倡导的企业使命、愿景、价值观和行为理念，此外还包括外显的组织架构、制度和程序，以及各种被认为当然的下意识的观念、信念等，这也就是沙因的组织文化睡莲模型。从三家运营商公开倡导的部分来看，联通的企业文化脱胎自2009年运营商重组时期，而电信和移动还要更早一些。三家运营商的企业文化普遍都是以一个宏伟的愿景或使命为指引，例如“让客户尽情享受信息生活”、“信息生活的创新服务领导者”等，然后形成对仗工整，铿锵有力的理念口号、价值准则。总体上来说，几家的企业文化一是较为雷同，很多内容放之四海而皆准，缺乏足够的个性，再有就是不够与时俱进，诸如“领导者”的表达已然不再适应运营商竞合、聚焦等变革转型的方向。

从形成过程来看，运营商企业文化往往都是自上而下产生，打着企业领导者的烙印，员工只是企业文化的被动参与者，由此造成了两个主要问题，一是因为企业文化内容不够接地气，而难于被企业员工全面理解和接受；另一方面文化内容多体现企业对员工的要求，包括责任、奉献等等，而鲜少有企业对员工的承诺。以中国电信的员工准则为例，“持续学习，高效工作、爱岗敬业，遵章守纪、尊重他人，坦诚沟通、服从大局，忠于企业”每一点都是如此。企业文化得不到员工的认同就失去了落地的前提和基A，也就难以起到凝聚和激发员工的作用。关于落地的问题，企业文化无形中渗透于企业一切活动之中，员工的一切行为都可以在这里找到标准和方向。运营商企业文化的落地方式可能并不像“文化文化墙上一挂”说的那么糟糕，但是落地方式和手段也确实比较匮乏。最典型的方式可能就是在制作了厚厚的文化纲要之后做做培训、贴贴标语，再者就是搞些文娱活动之类的项目，且不说这些方式在多大程度上能激发员工的投入和热情，作为拥有几十万员工的大型企业，要想让企业文化一以贯之，以上的方式恐怕从效率和效果上都不尽如人意。

企业文化建设与落地失败最直接的结果就是企业文化和外显组织架构、制度、流程完全是两张皮，企业文化所倡导的和企业下意识所奉行的想法、做法之间严重脱节，无论是外部客户还是内部员工都会因此对企业失去信任，忠诚度降低，最终动摇企业长期稳定健康发展的根基。

三、变革时期运营商企业文化转型建议

在企业变革过程中，“当外界的压力和内部的危机力量冲击组织时，已有的群体约定或者价值导向会受到挑战，群体对曾经带来辉煌的信念变得不再自信”，企业文化就会面临“解冻”。并不是每一次成功的企业战略变革都伴随着文化的转型，但成功的战略变革背后必是与之相适应的文化背景，因此在分析发现运营商的企业文化已经妨碍了其经营管理变革时，文章给出以下一些有助于企业文化转型的建议：

增强战略契合：文化与战略的契合问题之所以被老生常谈也恰恰说明其重要性。当前，为了获得持续性的竞争优势，变革已经渐成常态，企业文化转型的也必须跟上速度，避免因僵化带来的战略失败风险。传统的企业文化体系下，运营商不愿轻易进行文化转型，一方面放之四海皆准的口号掩盖了其与变革方向不适应的问题，另一方面过于注重“高大全”的建设思路，让文化体系一旦成形就积重难返。因此不管运营商的变革方向如何，企业文化转型首先要落实的就是“简单有效”的原则，在保留其精髓一贯的同时，其外延应根据战略变革要具有更高的可塑性。

以人为本：这个“人”无疑应是企业文化的最终“用户”――企业的员工。根据智联招聘2015年一份调查显示，通信行业是80、90后员工占比例最高的三大行之一，80、90后这批就业主力军敢于表达自我、更加注重自身价值的实现，其鲜明的个性特点与运营商传统的控制式、权威式的企业文化冲突明显。企业文化如何做到以人为本，给员工舞台，让员工实现价值，让员工成为企业文化的建设主体只是最基础的一步，更重要的是在企业文化的内涵和实践上体现平等、尊重、自由和关怀等核心价值观。例如腾讯的企业文化倡导“通过提升企业地位与品牌形象，使员工具有高度的企业荣誉感和自豪感，赢得员工尊敬”，员工的主体地位凸显无疑。

善用载体：企业文化形成后，载体就犹如滋养其生长的土壤。个体对企业文化的融入都要有意或无意地经历获得信息、理解信息、做出判断、付诸行动这样一个习得过程。传统的企业文化落地方式如我们前面提到的培训、文体活动等其嗤性更强，在使员工初步获得和理解企业文化时或许效果更直接，但在从认识到自觉践行的关键转化环节不是一蹴而就的，需要在企业经营的日常中不断的重复和强化，需要核心层的文化理念能穿透到企业考核、奖惩、合作、资源分配等的制度、领导的言行等方方面面。譬如我们鼓励员工创新，就应有宽容的领导氛围、容错的机制等。

创新工具手段：作为信息通信产业的主力，运营商在企业文化传播的工具手段上却不像其所处的行业一样创新和开放。员工的思维方式、行为模式都已经被互联网化，传统自上而下的传递方式已不符合互联网时代扁平、同步、网状的特点。企业文化建设工具手段的选择应该考虑员工的特点，加快推进新媒体平台的建设，突破区域的局限性、增强互动性，例如可以让全员在同一是时段共同参与线上活动等，避免因员工分布区域广泛而出现信息的失真、断层。

四、结束语

文章给出的建议仅限于方法论层面，因为即使变革方向和内外部环境有诸多相似，每家运营商也有不同的文化基因，对建成怎样的企业文化不能一概而论。美国哈佛大学商学院的约翰・科特教授指出：“凡是重视企业文化因素特征的公司，其经营业绩远远胜于那些不重视企业文化建设的公司”，因此，运营商在加速变革的同时一定要重视企业文化的同步，推动企业文化的扬弃，并通过多种手段适应员工的需求和互联网竞争形势，使企业文化根植于员工内心，以达到通过文化转型促进企业绩效提升、战略成功的目标。

参 考 文 献

[1]冯云霞，高原.如何驾驭变革过程中的文化转型――沙因文化理论及海底捞实践的启示[J].清华管理评论， 2016年7月.

[2]曲庆.虚实之道―如何让企业文化真正落地[J].清华管理评论， 2016年7月.

篇5

首先，茶业的繁荣，促进了瓷器制造业的繁荣，为瓷器的发展奠定了物质基础。唐代，茶成为了大众消费品，中国北方也已经是“茶为食物，无异米盐。”（《旧唐书•李玉传》）文献中记载：“江淮之人，什二三以茶为业。”（《全唐文•祁门县新修阊门溪记》这些都可以充分说明，在唐代，茶已经深入到人们日常生活当中，范围上也已扩展至全国，在国家的经济当中起到举足轻重的作用。茶叶的兴盛推动了瓷器制造业的繁荣，《中国茶经》有这样的记载：“唐朝中期，北方消费茶增多，引起各地瓷窑的兴起，尤以烧制茶具为中心。”根据考古发掘的资料来看，这一时期窑址的出土物中，与茶器相关的器物数量远远多于前代，也在同时代出土器物中占了很大比重。以越窑为例，盛唐一朝，碗、盘、水盂、注子产量最大，占所有出土物的80%以上，而以碗的出土量最为巨大。（《中国陶瓷史》）除了水盂之外，上面提及的其他三种瓷器均作为茶具使用。

其次，茶文化的兴起，推动了瓷器器型的革新。唐代以前，瓷器尚保留了大量陶器的特征。自茶文化兴起，瓷器变得更加灵动。以壶为例，魏晋时期流行“鸡首壶”，壶身与早先的陶罐无异，仅多一鸡首状流，盘口、鼓腹，短小流，整件器物重心偏下，显得厚重。唐代以后，“汤瓶”取代了“鸡首壶”，盘口逐渐变为侈口，腹变小，流加长，且流多管状或棱状，重心上移，整件器物显得活泼。这些变化，可能与晚唐时期兴起的“点茶法”有关。“点茶法”即先将茶末置于盏内，用汤瓶注以沸水，将茶末调成膏状，最后持汤瓶向盏中冲注适量热水而成饮用的茶。向茶盏中冲注的动作称为“点”，因为盏的容量很小“，点”特别讲究技巧，否则沸水很容易溢出。于是对装沸水的汤瓶的要求也逐渐提高，从流里面倾倒的水水流要顺畅、水量要适度、落水要准确。为了便于点注，高颈、长腹、长流的汤瓶应运而生。管状和多棱状的流，顺畅性和水流稳定性明显好于魏晋时期流行的鸡首流。魏晋时期的碗，直口或者敛口，深腹、实心底，与陶钵较为相似。至唐代中期，碗多为侈口，由深腹变为浅腹，圜底增多。唐代晚期流行斜直壁碗，器型也有逐渐变小的趋势。关于唐代文人饮茶方式，文献中也有零星的记载。唐代具有较高史料价值的笔记小说《封氏闻见记》卷六有这样的记载：“……伯熊著黄批衫乌纱帽，手执茶器，口通茶名，区分指点，左右刮目。”茶器内装的是刚刚煎完的茶，温度较高；喝茶时要能“手执茶器”而不烫手，茶器应该便于散热，而且方便“手执”。这一时期大量发现的敞口、浅腹、圜底的小碗，敞口、浅腹利于散热，小巧、圜底的特点，使人能以手执住而不致烫手，很可能是作茶具用。这种小型侈口碗，应是陆羽所提及的“口唇不卷，底卷而浅，受半升以下”的茶瓯。

再次，由于品茶、斗茶风气的兴盛，人们不仅对茶色、茶味进行品评，还提高了对茶具的审美要求，进而推动了瓷器装饰性造型、纹样的产生，大大增强其文化内涵。“花口”是唐代瓷器的一大特色。中晚唐时，花口造型开始出现并逐渐流行，大致与茶文化兴起的时间一致。根据考古的出土材料看，晚唐时的茶具大量采用花口造型。如当时流行的花口茶瓯，通常表现为五瓣花形，腹部无棱，圈足稍外撇，器型小巧精致。陆羽认为“膻鼎腥瓯，非器也”，即茶具已经不是一般的食用器，而是具有了一定文化内涵的器物符号。“花口”的造型，大大提升瓷器的文化内涵，使其脱离了“食用器”的范畴。1987年发掘的陕西扶风法门寺地宫，发现了极其精美的秘色瓷碗。根据其器型、一同出土的金银茶具及文化意义上分析，这些秘色瓷碗应该为茶具。以茶具为代表的瓷器烧造，其技术已为我国青瓷制造的最高水平。

篇6

网络营销不仅仅是“把产品搬上网”,营销型网站的存在必须是为了用户访问,首先吸引有潜在价值的用户点击,才能谈到随后的一切。所以建站前就得考虑好网站推广的各项基本元素,从营销角度去策划,真正能给企业带来知名度、客户和效益的,才是一个买卖互动的“活网站”。怎样向“活网站”蜕变,以较少的成本、较快时间内在产品销售上寻得突破?中小企业不必模仿大企业的做法,而应根据自身特点,努力把握好几个关键要素,就可以在互联网上脱颖而出。

(一)定位明确、思路清晰

定位,就是找准你的目标客户以及企业对应的产品或服务的差异化价值(即优势所在)。网站最想做给哪些人看?他们最想看到什么?打开网站后,能否诱发他们进一步的兴趣或好感,吸引他们变成企业的准客户?只有做好定位后,才能找到设计的方向。而所有设计思路都应从客户的视角出发,这是营销型网站的首要要素。

1.把握核心业务客户的心理和行为。网站要突出核心业务,区分经营主次。从图一到图三可见,该网站推介“log house”的目的非常明确,网页标题、网站域名、公司介绍、产品目录、行业信息和所有图片等,全部紧密扣紧log house;而且主要型号放在网站首页,一目了然,因为它面对的客户属于大众消费品(如工艺品、纺织、电子等)的经销商,在门槛较低、竞争激烈的市场中,经销商们最想知道你具有哪些优势品种或新鲜品种,所以产品首页务必要针对客户心态,突出显示此项。如果产品换作机械设备,那产品首页就要强调设备的技术特点与服务对象,目的都是为了让访问者一眼判定这是不是他想找的东西。

2.专业形象让客户信任。对访问者来说,网站就代表了企业的视觉形象。如同人的打扮要与人的社交地位相衬,网站的整体风格也要与企业的定位相符,否则就会降低访问者对企业的信任度,影响客户的后续接触。美国斯坦福大学研究认为,网站访问者对公司的信任是促成访问者转化成客户的关键因素,为此,增强网站可信任性建设的“十大准则”包括:网站显示出有一个真实的企业或组织存在;显示出网站背后有值得信任的团队存在;强调团队中的专家及所提供服务的专业性等。中小企业受实力所限,不能模仿大企业的“大而全”形象,而应重点突出本行业的专业水准,以赢得客户青睐。像一些出色的首页,从色彩设计、画面选择、实景照片配备和文字内容,均不离核心产品log house,所传递出的信息集中而强烈,无一点多余内容,显示出了业务熟捻,并且整体气质自然清新、向上,很贴切地诠释了产品和企业形象,令访问者心生好感。因此,做网站整体策划时,要时刻考虑客户的需求,不能盲目跟风,不能只顾及页面表面的美观,美观度常常是放在最后才考虑的事情;也不能只顾及企业老板的喜好。网站不是花钱越多、越花哨越好,只有切合销售的才是最好的。

(二)易记的域名、快捷的服务器

域名即是“网上商标”,具有唯一性。对于着力开拓海外市场的企业来说,最好把英文站点与中文站点分开,注册独立的英文域名,以外向型的形象出现。英文域名不必与中文名一致,要简洁易记。常见的英文域名方式是把企业的中文名称置换成对应的汉语拼音或英语,但可能会让外国人对其词义不明所以;另一种是以经营领域为名,给客户以直观的视觉冲击,哪种方式是以营销结果为导向的,是显而易见的。

网站存放的空间即是服务器,有几种类型,其中虚拟主机是世界上绝大部分企业建站的选择。选购虚拟主机时除了要关注其性能,还要了解:1、是否支持自己网站的语言类型。2、自己网站规模多大,避免造成投入浪费,中小型企业网站一般在100M-200M即可。3、机房地点、稳定性、安全性等。要选择信誉好、可支持7*24小时技术服务的服务商,并在不同时段、不同位置上,测试网站的速度和稳定性。

英文网站最好放到海外服务器上。虽然我国的国际出口带宽增长很快,到今年6月底达到约748G,但面对国内3亿多的网民和众多企业,相比于发达国家,我国的出口带宽仍是杯水车薪,所以国外用户访问国内站点时往往速度缓慢,打开一个页面需要几十秒、上百秒。然而国外调查显示,对10秒内打不开的网页,用户就会放弃,欧美国家宽带用户的忍耐时间更短;首页打开时间每增加100毫秒,网站销售量会减少1%。可见,滞缓的速度会严重削弱访问者的兴趣,这样的网站就要面临死亡。所以选择国外空间,提高速度,直面客户群,可使英文网站有更好的推广效果。

如果客户以欧美国家为主,可把服务器放在美国或欧洲;若客户以亚洲为主,可以把网站放在香港,香港在亚洲范围内速度最快。服务器在国外,还会显著提高网站在Google、Yahoo等搜索引擎上的更新频率和排名,因为Google的发源地是美国,其搜索网页的Spider会优先收录美国本地的网页。目前国内有不少虚拟主机的服务商都能提供海外虚拟主机服务。海外服务器的价格通常会比国内服务器高一点,但如果有耐心就能找到“性价比”很不错的服务器。

(三)适度的“搜索引擎优化”

网站建好后一定要去做网站推广,“养在深闺无人知”是形成“死网站”的主要原因之一。搜索引擎是用户得知新网站、寻找货源的最主要途径。“搜索引擎优化”是指通过对网页内容、结构等要素的合理设计与专业的优化技术,使网站符合Google、Yahoo等搜索引擎的运作规则,力争使网站进入搜索结果的首页(左侧前10位),这是目前效果最好、最成熟的网站推广方式。根据iProspect2008年调查报告,搜索的首页拦截了68%的点击流量,第二页的点击机会不到20%,前三页一共拦截了92%的流量;只有8%的人去点击三页之后的结果。可见,一个靠前的排名对商业竞争非常有利,能第一时间吸引用户眼球,迅速增加访问量,以较低的成本在短时间内提升企业知名度。因此,良好的搜索引擎表现是营销型网站的必备要素。

从世界范围来说Google对企业最重要,它每天处理近3亿的搜索请求,接近全球搜索量的2/3,商机无限。美国Data Recovery Group公司曾一直在Google上排名第四,2002年1月在无预警的情况下突然被Google排除在搜寻结果之外,结果该公司业务马上下跌了30% 。Google在欧美许多国家的市场占有率居绝对地位,以致很多用户认为你若未被列入Google的检索,就等于在整个网络世界上消失了。对中小型企业有利的是,Google左侧排名是免费的,且公平度较高,这点与Yahoo! 等其它搜索引擎不同。与其花钱购买其它网站的排名,不如把这个费用省下来做Google搜索引擎优化,并且会有骨牌效应,连带在其它搜索引擎网站的排名都会有所改善。

关键词(短语)的选取是搜索引擎优化的重中之重。选错了词,后面的推广工作便是徒劳。注意,外贸企业要做的是英文Google的“搜索引擎优化”。选择英文关键词,要考虑中西方的文化差异,符合目标客户的使用习惯。至少要有两个单词以上的组合以缩小搜索范围,切忌使用意义宽泛的单一词汇,比如只一个“house”;要使用大部分用户认同的产品名称,不要使用不规范的说法或鲜少人知道的型号。有咨询公司通过调查发现,我国机械企业网站的产品名称标识很不规范,超过95%的网站缺乏优化意识;甚至用自己公司名字在网上搜寻时,有27.1%的企业网站都不能在搜索结果前3页找到自己。

建站前,就要了解用户搜索时常用的关键词组合及使用频率,并按照自己所选的关键词组织网页标题和页面文字,如图一窗口最顶行的“log house/wooden house/log cabin/log home builder/xxx”,就是该产品搜索的常用关键词,并且按使用频率从高到低排列,而且这些词在图二、图三的“公司介绍”、“产品目录”等内容里反复出现,是为了便于搜索引擎抓取。这家木屋网站在08年9月建立,目前在英文Google的排名仍居首页,不到一年时间里收到有效询盘200多件,平均每月20件左右,其效果显而易见。

(四)页面简练大方

跟一般中国人习惯认为的“花哨才能吸引人”不同,外国人尤其是欧美客户,讲究直接、实用。所以,营销型英文网站从形式到内容都应以简约、明朗、大方的设计为主,摒弃过于中国化的华丽宏大,以适应国外客户的审美观念和思维方式。而且,如跑马灯一样的繁琐形式,会减慢网页打开速度,既不利于用户访问,也很不利于搜索引擎优化。所以,网站首页不宜用大量的flash或图片,应以静态页面为主,图片最好不要超过50kb。

网站结构应优化,符合客户的浏览习惯,设有清晰的导航、网站地图、站内搜索、完善准确的产品资料和详细的联系方式等。网站布局层次简洁、鲜明;有关产品、联系方式等客户最关心的内容,直接放在首页;联系方式多样,既有地址、电话、邮箱,又有即时通讯(MSN)和在线留言,目的都是引导客户少点几次鼠标就可以找到他想要的信息。

英文站点的文字翻译一定要专业,符合国外语言习惯。特别提醒的是,“公司简介”务必质朴、简练,把发展历史、业务范围、对客户的承诺等如实说明即可,切忌夸大渲染,切忌使用口号式的“中式英语”。中文网站常见的假大空文字,类似抒发企业豪情和精神等,绝不能直译过来搬到英文网站上,即使想表达,用一句话概括足矣。因为国外客户根本不在意这些,只看产品和服务,而且这类中式英语往往辞不达意,多半会让外国人感到难以理解或好笑,适得其反。

有些中小企业的网站细节粗糙,主页上把“contact”写成“contract”;有的产品已经删除了或链接失效了,可图片还在,访问者点进去却什么都没有;英文站中还援引中文地图,诸如此类的错误。细节决定成败,切莫因为细处的不完善而增加访问者的不满从而丢失潜在客户。斯坦福大学总结的网站可信性建设的十大准则,其中也包括:网站设计的专业性;避免文字错误,无论是多么微小的失误!

(五)持续的网站维护

网站建好后不意味着一劳永逸,必须有持续、有效的维护和改进。内容很少更新的网站既对访问者没有吸引力,也影响搜索引擎的排名。网站更新除了增删产品图片,还可增加文字页面,如产品介绍、市场变化、企业动态等。因为这种内容不但利于提高客户兴趣,而且更容易被搜索引擎抓取。“在线反馈”功能可视企业人员情况决定是否安装,如果安装了,一定要有人能及时答复客户,以免影响客户对网站的信任度。

篇7

智力是优秀运动员的必备素质，在世界竞技体育迅猛发展和竞争日趋激烈的今天，对运动员的智力水平要求越来越高，特别是在一些技战术性较强的运动项目中表现得更为突出。这就要求在运动员的早期选材中必须重视智力因素，以提高选材、育材的成功率。

由于决定一个人智力水平的因素较多，衡量智力的标准尚不统一，很难将智力量化。目前，一般仍然采用韦氏(WAIS)量表和瑞文量表测试法来评定一个人的智力水平，而这种测试方法比较繁琐，在早期基层选材实践中难以实施。从80年代开始，有人根据人类遗传学的一因多效和连锁遗传的原理，探讨皮纹与智力的相关性，以期应用皮纹进行选材。但是，多数学者所选用的实验对象为成人或优秀运动员，与早期实际选材相脱节，加之学者们的研究结果在某些指标上表现不尽相同和研究的样本量较小，误差较大等因素，使皮纹选材的理论体系尚不够完善。本研究的目的就是对某些有争议的皮纹指标进一步研究，以确定与智力的相关性。同时，对一些尚未开发的皮纹指标进行探讨，发现其与智力的相关程度及规律，以期完善皮纹选材理论体系，最终为科学选材实践服务。

1　研究方法

1.1　智商的测定

采用我国学者李丹等修订的瑞文测验联合型，对曲阜师范大学附中、附小和曲阜市实验小学的8～13岁的767名中、小学生严格按照要求进行团体测试，考虑到受试者中有部分农村儿童，故用中国农村儿童常模换算每一个受试者的智商分值。

1.2　皮纹的拓取和指标的测定

在以班为单位测试智商的基础上，严格按照掌纹采样要求，由专人拓取每人掌纹，剔除掌纹中无三叉点a或t者和模糊不清者，得有效皮纹样本723份(男365人、女358人)，均为汉族学生。应用cummins等皮肤纹理图像分析法，借助放大镜、直尺、量角器等观察测量掌三叉(atd角)。指三叉点a和b间的嵴纹数目(a—bRC)、指纹强度(TFRC)、斗型纹(W，双箕Wd)、箕型纹(L，尺箕Lu，桡箕Lr)、弓型纹(A)、通贯手(SC)、大鱼际真实花纹(TAtp)、小鱼际真实花纹(HAtp)、第3指间区花纹(I3)、第4指间区花纹(I4)、指白线等指标。

1.3　数据处理

对所测各项指标均输入微机进行处理，分别计算各指标的平均值和标准差或出现百分率，采用t检验，方差分析、相关分析、多元线性回归及多元逐步回归分析，显著性水平p＜0.05。

2　结果与分析

2.1　男、女生IQ与皮纹类型分布

篇8

I like going to school by like, because I think I can keep healthy by riding. Bicycles are still popular in Beijing. Some foreigners buy bicycles to ride. But more and more people buy cars because they think they are faster than bicycles. In fact the exhaust gas from cars makes the air dirty and they waste energy.I think bicycles are better than cars.

我喜欢骑自行车上学，因为我可以通过骑车保持健康。北京依然流行自行车，一些外国人也买自行车骑。但是越来越多的人买汽车，因为他们认为汽车比自行车快。事实上，汽车尾气污染了空气，浪费能源。我认为自行车比汽车好。

Bicycles are still popular in Beijing. It's convenient to go to school or go to work by bike. It can help people to keep healthy.But more and more people buy cars because they think they are faster than bicycles. The exhaust gas from cars pollutes the air and they waste energy. I prefer riding bicycles because it is cheap and keeps the air clean.

自行车在北京依然很流行，骑车上学或上班很方便，它能帮助人们保持健康。但是越来越多的人买汽车，因为他们认为汽车比自行车快。汽车的尾气污染了空气，浪费了能源。我喜欢骑车因为它便宜并且不会污染空气。

篇9

关键词：漏电保护器；误动；拒动；越级跳闸；保护盲区；应对措施 文献标识码：A

中图分类号：TM588 文章编号：1009-2374（2015）24-0136-02 DOI：10.13535/ki.11-4406/n.2015.24.067

在低压配网系统中，科学地选择、安装、运行管理漏电保护器可以提高供电可靠性，对保证人身和设备安全具有相当重要的作用。但在实际工作中，由于安装、运行管理知识的匮乏，致使漏电保护器不能安全、可靠运行，下文就运行中的常见问题进行分析。

1 漏电保护器发生误动的原因

漏电保护器发生误动的原因主要有：（1）漏电保护器暴露在较强的电磁场环境中，容易诱发动作信号，在没有漏电的情况下，产生误动；（2）由于负荷较大，当开关合闸时对漏电保护器产生较强的冲击信号，造成误动；（3）中性线重复接地可能造成串流误动；（4）漏电保护器额定动作电流过低引起误动。

曾经在一次专项检查中发现，一个农村低压用户私自拆除漏电保护器。拆除的原因是：每次启动潜水泵时，漏电保护器都会跳闸，导致潜水泵无法工作。通过对漏电保护器进行检查，发现该用户漏电保护器额定动作电流为15mA。因微型潜水泵及其部分线缆泡在水中，泄露电流较大，超过15mA，用户所选漏电保护器灵敏度过高，因此造成漏电保护器频繁跳闸。

所以，科学地选择额定漏电动作电流值对于漏电保护器安全、可靠运行是非常重要的，选择漏电动作电流值应考虑两方面因素：一是泄漏电流值超过漏电动作电流值时，漏电保护器可有选择地动作；二是漏电保护器存在正常泄漏电流，正常泄漏电流小于漏电动作电流值时漏电保护器不应动作。

2 漏电保护器发生拒动的原因

电网发生接地，漏电保护器由以下原因产生拒动：（1）在安装中性线时，将中性线设置为多点重复接地，漏电保护器会产生分流拒动；（2）当电源缺相时，所缺相是漏电保护器的工作电源时，会产生拒动；（3）漏电保护器分级保护不匹配引起越级跳闸。

目前，完成农网改造的配电台区都已经实现了漏电保护分级保护。但在实际使用中，由于选择动作时间和动作电流值不恰当，导致各级漏电保护器配合不到位，发生事故时，下一级漏电保护器动作跳闸的同时，上一级漏电保护器也一起断开，引起越级跳闸，从而失去了分级保护的意义和作用。

3.1 总保护动作电流值的选择

安装总漏电保护器时，应尽可能靠近低压电源进线端。以保证其保护范围覆盖供电的低压网络。所以，应根据保护范围内的设备容量的大小、特性选择总漏电保护器的动作特性。即依据保护范围内的设备容量的大小、特性来确定总漏电保护器额定动作电流值和动作

时间。

实际工作中，首先应考虑到总保、分保、家保三级漏电保护器之间的衔接、配合，以确保分级保护的有效性，所以总保在动作电流值和动作时间的选择上应大于分保的动作电流值和动作时间。因此，总保首选低灵敏度延时型，额定动作电流值应大于最大三相不平衡电流的2倍。

3.2 分支漏电保护器动作电流值的选择

分支漏电保护器的额定动作电流值不应大于总漏电保护器的定值。根据实际运行资料分析，在分支漏电保护系统中，为保证分支漏电保护器安全、可靠动作，消除误动现象，应以实际检测的线路最大泄漏电流为基数，乘以2.5倍作为分支电路漏电保护器的动作电流值。同时对照检测的，分支电路漏电保护器的动作电流值应是最大设备泄漏电流值的4倍以上。

在需要保护有两条以上支线的单相线路时，可按每户允许剩余电流与用户数乘积的2倍确定额定剩余电流动作值，也可按照实测值确定。

3.3 末端漏电保护器动作电流值的选择

末端漏电保护器的动作电流值，应不大于30mA。对容量较大的单台设备，应选用动作电流值大于设备正常泄漏电流值的4倍的漏电保护器。一般选用30mA以上100mA以下快速动作的漏电保护器。

3.4 各级漏电保护器动作时间级差的合理选择

在各级漏电保护系统中，应依据额定动作电流值与动作时间协调配合的原则，来科学、合理的选择各级漏电保护器动作特性，在一般情况下，不应出现越级跳闸、同步跳闸等导致大面积停电的现象。

一般总漏电保护动作时间选择延时0.1～2.0s，延时时间一般设置为：0.2、0.4、0.8、1.0、1.5s，延时动作特性可定为：在ⅠΔn（额定剩余动作电流）时，最大动作时间为额定的延时时间加0.1s；在5ⅠΔn时，最大动作时间为规定的延时时间。这样就有效地保证了各级漏电保护其动作时间间隔为0.2s，上级最小动作时间与下级最大动作时间相隔有0.1s余地，末级漏电保护器动作时间应不大于0.1s。

因此，要实现装设分级漏电保护器尽可能缩小事故停电范围的目的，就必须合理设置漏电保护器动作电流的级差配合和额定动作时间的级差配合，应该做到上级漏电保护器额定动作电流大于下一档，额定动作时间做到上级长于下级一档。当选择上有困难时，上下级动作电流可选用同一档，但保护动作时间应上级比下级长

一档。

4 三相负荷不平衡引起总漏电保护器误动

当前，农村家用电器、电动工器具迅速普及，导致配变三相负荷不平衡，引起配变中性点位移，中性点位移越严重，中性线上的不平衡电流越大。当不平衡电流大于总漏电保护器的额定动作电流时，将导致总漏电保护器误动。

针对此类情况，就必须重新统计各相实际负荷，并对负荷发展情况进行预测，依据对各相负荷统计及预测情况，对负荷进行科学调整，使三相负荷趋于平衡，将中性线上的电流控制在正常范围内，使总漏电保护器得以正常运行。

5 其他注意事项

当发生人体单相触电事故时，即在负载侧接触一根相线（火线）时，此时电流通过相线―人体―大地，泄漏电流大于漏电保护器的动作电流，漏电保护器就及时跳闸，断开电源。

如果人体站在干燥的木头上或穿着绝缘鞋时，电流通过相线―人体―零线时，由于人体对地绝缘，对大地无泄漏电，漏电保护器就不跳闸，起不到保护作用。

在运行中，部分人在漏电保护器动作时，图省事、嫌麻烦，不认真查找原因，而是采取了将漏电保护器短接或拆除的错误方式，这种现象应及时纠正。

低压配电网中装设漏电保护器是防止发生人身触电伤亡事故、减小停电面积的有效办法，但安装了漏电保护器并不能代表不会发生事故，应同时采取相应的防止触电和电气设备损坏事故的技术措施，如安装断路器等，才能保证人身及设备的安全。

参考文献

[1] 剩余电流保护器的一般要求（GB6829-1995）[S].

[2] 剩余电流动作保护装置安装和运行（GB13955-2005）[S].

[3] 漏电保护器农村安装运行规程（SL445-2009）[S].

篇10

指纹识别技术是新近发展起来的一项高新技术。指纹识别是利用人体指纹的唯一性与不变性生理特征,将指纹作为人的一种“活的身份证”或一个随身携带的特殊印章来进行身份识别的一种技术。MBF200是富士通公司推出的一款固态指纹传感器芯片,该芯片具有自动指纹检测功能,可支持多种接口模式,设计方便。本文详细介绍了MBF200的特性,给出了其在USB总线接口模式下的电路实现方法,以及读取所采集数据的软件流程。该设计可用于便携式指纹数据采集系统、智能卡系统、数据库、网络和当地存储的安全进入系统,以及其它安全访问控制系统。

2 MBF200的主要特点

MBF200具有高性能、低功耗和低成本等特点,属于电容性传感器。其电容性传感器阵列由二维金属电极组成,所有金属电极充当一个电容板,接触的手指充当第二个电容板,器件表面的钝化层作为两板的绝缘层。当手指触摸传感器表面时,指纹的高低不平就会在传感器阵列上产生变化的电容,从而引起二维阵列上电压的变化,并形成指纹传感图像。其主要特点有:

是采用标准COMS技术的电容性固态器件;

具有500dpi的分辨率;

传感器面积为1.28cm×1.50cm;

传感器阵列为256×300点;

具有自动指纹检测能力;

内含8位模数转换器;

可提供三种总线接口形式;

带有8位微处理器总线接口;

带有全速USB接口和SPI接口;

可提供3.3V~5V的工作电压;

5V工作电压下的功耗小于70mW。

MBF200的内部结构如图1所示。其中256×300点传感阵列用于产生感应电压;功能寄存器用于对芯片进行操作控制;控制电路用于传感器与外部接口电路的控制,主要负责数据的读出与写入;地址索引寄存器与数据寄存器分别用于对功能寄存器的地址选择及数据的读写;采样保持及AD转换电路用于对传感阵列所产生的电压进行采样。另外,多频振荡电路用于为芯片提供时钟信号。

3 器件功能

3.1 功能寄存器

MBF200是可编程的传感器芯片,它所具有的强大功能是通过内部寄存器设置完成的。表1所列是这些功能寄存器的地址和功能。在对这些寄存器进行操作时,先向地址寄存器内写入所要访问寄存器的地址,然后读写数据寄存器即可。

表1 MBF200中的功能寄存器

地 址 标 识 功 能 0x00 RAH 行地址高位 0x01 RAL 行地址低位 0x02 CAL 列地址低位 0x03 REH 行末地址低位 0x04 REL 行末地址低位 0x05 CEL 列末地址低位 0x06 DTR 放电时间寄存器 0x07 DCR 放电电流寄存器 0x08 CTRLA 控制寄存器A 0x09 LTRLB 控制寄存器B 0x0A CTRLC 控制寄存器C 0x0B SRA 状态寄存器 0x0C PGC 可编程增益控制寄存器 0x0D ICR 中断控制寄存器 0x0E ISR 中断状态寄存器 0x0F THR 门限寄存器 0x10 CIDH 芯片标识高 0x11 CIDL 芯片标识低 0x12 TST 测试模式寄存器

由于列地址最大为256,所以,MBF200只有一个列开始寄存器CAL和一个列结束寄存器CEL。另外,THR用于在自动检测指纹时设置门限电压。PGC用于在A/D转换时设置放大器的增益。

3.2 MBF200的工作过程

MBF200的传感器阵列由256列300行的传感器单元组成。每一列有两个采样保持电路,每次捕获一行指纹图像数据。行捕获分为两个阶段,第一阶段,将电容板的被选行充电到3.3V或5V,在充电的同时,一个内部信号使能一个采样保持电路以采样被选行的电容单元电压;第二阶段是传感器板放电阶段,放电快慢由放电电流寄存器决定。放电阶段结束后,可由一个内部信号使能另一个采样保持电路去采样电容单元的最后电压,充电电压与放电电压之差就是所要测量的有用传感信号电压。行捕获结束之后,接着对该信号进行数字化,从而完成一次采样。实际上,该芯片的灵敏度是由放电电流和放电时间寄存器来调节的。

3.3 MBF200的接口模式

MBF200支持三种接口形式和四种操作模式,这四种操作模式相互独立,不能同时工作。其功能如表2所列。

表2 MBF200的操作模式

MODE[1,0] 描 述 00 微处理器接口模式 01 SPI接口模式 10 USB模式,用内部ROM 11 USB模式,用外部ROM

在微处理器接口模式中,可将MFB200与51系列8位单片机相连,且其接口形式非常简单。需要说明的是,在该芯片中,地址选择与数据写入是分两步完成的,先通过A0置0来写地址索引寄存器,然后再对A0置1来读写对应地址的数据寄存器。其操作真值表如表3所列。SPI是工业标准的同步串行接口,它允许8位数据同时、同步地被发送和接收,而且只用到如下信号:SCLK、SCS、MOSI、MISO、EXINT。可将系统配置为SPI主操作(Master)与从操作(Slave),其接口形式与一般的串行接口方式一致,故此不再赘述。

表3 微处理器接口读写真值表

CS0 CS1 A0 RD WR 方 式 数据线 H X X X X 无效 高阻 X L X X X 无效 高阻 L H X H H 任意 高阻 L L L H 读地址寄存器 输出 L H L H L 写地址寄存器 输入 L H H L H 读数据寄存器 输出 L H H H L 写数据寄存器 输入

USB接口有两种模式:一种是用芯片内部的ROM来存储设备信息,一种是用外部串行ROM来存储设备信息。

4 MBF200的应用

4.1 MBF200与USB的接口

由于USB总线接口具有即插即用特性,而且目前应用比较广泛,所以本文设计了MBF200在USB模式下的接口电路(如图2所示)。其中MODE分别置为1、0,采用12MHz晶振,AIN用于模拟信号输入方式选择,ISET用于设置内部参考电流,FSET用于设置内部多频振荡器及自动指纹检测速率。需要注意的是,在USB模式中,为芯片提供的电压必需在3.3V~3.6V之间,由于该芯片的低功耗特点,所以在设计中可以使用USB总线电源来满足系统设计要求。

USB接口使用三个端点:其中端点0是控制端点,用来控制对功能寄存器的读写;端点1是读端点,用来读取经过AD转换后的指纹图像数据,它是以块方式进行读取的,每次64个字节;端点是2是中断端点,当ISR(Interrupt Status Register)被置位时,由它向端点2发送中断信号。

4.2 软件控制流程

该传感器有多种接口方式及多种图像获取形式,这些都是通过内部功能寄存器的设置来完成的。