心中的遗憾范文

时间:2023-03-19 20:08:06

导语:如何才能写好一篇心中的遗憾,这就需要搜集整理更多的资料和文献,欢迎阅读由公文云整理的十篇范文,供你借鉴。

篇1

期盼

??等待天使的到来

那段时间,天空总是非常的蓝,蓝得透明,透明得可以看到天堂。

天堂里,一个个天使忙碌着实行着自己的使命,而属于我的那个天使,去迟迟未到。

期待的也就是他们捎来的一封信吧!一封关于我成功进入了创新作文大赛复赛的通知书,还附带着复赛试卷的一封信,但那送信的天使却……

篇2

[关键词] 现代汉语 新词语 新词义

语言来源于生活又反映生活,因此随着社会生活的不断变迁,大量新词会不断涌现,旧词语的词义也可能发生变化。这不仅极大地丰富了汉语词汇,同时也给汉语词汇系统带来了巨大的冲击。因此,加强对新词语、新词义的形式、特点、消长原因等方面的分析和研究,有助于当代汉语词汇理论的建构及知理解。

一、现代汉语新词语、新词义的特征与内容

新词是指一个新创造的或从其他语言、从本民族的方言词、古语词和行业词中所借用过来的词汇,也指一个产生新词义、新用法的固有词。由此可见有些词汇固然形式未变,但因为“旧瓶装新酒”,因此也被称作是新词语。新词具有以下几个特征:

1.公众性

即要求被社会中的大多数接受,被广泛的应用于社会公众大量出现的地方或者通用的口语和书面体。

2.多元多维性

语言具有很强大社会性,而社会又是多元的,同一规范的词汇用于不同行业不同场合时,其可能表达着不同的含义。

3.时代性

新词本质上就是由于社会变迁所发展起来的,它具有鲜明的时代特征,同一种语言在不同的时代体现出不同特色,如“和谐社会”,“八荣八耻”、“三个代表”就有明显的时代特征。

4.多变易变性

语言是反映社会的镜子,社会是五花八门的,新事物、新技术不断出现,人们的思维方式、生活方式以及行为方式也相应发生变化,共同导致了新词的产生。

二、现代汉语产生新词新义的原因

1.社会变化、历史变革是新词产生的根本原因

(1)社会变迁是新词产生的最根本原因

魏晋时期,佛教的传入产生了“世界,菩萨”,带来了“民主,科学”。在我国,改革开放之后,经济的发展冲击着僵化的体制和僵化的思想观念,大量的新词产生就缘于众多商业、政治词汇脱去了原先贬义或者神秘的色彩,甚至激发了很多新词汇的产生。

(2)社会的发展,多维的、全方位的、立体的思维方式的形成

新社会、新技术、新事物、新理念都会使得原先的词汇不适用,要么词不达意,要么无法描述,这必然促使有新的词汇产生并承当相应的“描述”使命,如笔记本电脑、USB、液晶显示器等。

(3)开放的心态使得人们对词汇的要求更高了

因为词汇有其时代性,它需要复合时展的需要,因而旧词产生新义,并创造出更多的词语。这些新词语无不带上时代的烙印,他们是社会发展的写照和证据。

2.方言使用的扩大化使得“新词”频频出现

随着社会的进步,经济的发达、通讯和交通条件的改善,人们生活的社会圈子越来越大,这就使得某些地区的语言具有扩大化的倾向。因为随着地区经济实力的扩张,投资者需要将市场放置在更广阔的空间,而且必须通过不断的语言交流达成一致。这种语言交流就是新词产生的一个较大的平台。如果这种语言在全国“流通”,那么许多原本只在某一地区使用的方言,开始进入大众流通领域,并最终成为新词。

3.科学技术和现代传媒的推动

科学技术是第一生产力,它也是推动社会变迁的重要力量。新技术、新理论的会使得大量的新观念、新事物被造就出来,这就给新词的产生提供了契机。事实上众多与科技相关的东西都是从无到有产生的,而不是与生俱来的。即便是“电视”、“电影”、“汽车”等词汇也是20世纪初期的产物。科技的推广更使得大量的科技术语产生出来,或者从专门术语中抽出身来,充实到词汇大家庭中,如“黑洞”、“软件”、“硬件”、“3D”、“等离子”、“液晶”等。这些新词在传播过程中,现代传媒的作用不可忽视,正是通过现代传媒不厌其烦的宣传,才使得这些新词变得大众化,变得让普通民众所知晓。

三、现代汉语产生新词语、新词义产生的途径

1.新词语的产生途径

新词语产生的途径是多种多样的,总起来说有以下几种:

(1)新造词语

这是最传统意义上的新词,也是最“纯正”的新词。其出现根本上是由于社会上出现了新事物,新现象,为了利用和描述他们,就有必要用新的语言,于是,新的词语就诞生了。如“民工潮”、“跳槽”、“太空病”、“人工器官”、“痞子文学”、“非法集资”等。

(2)新用词语

所谓信用就是曾经用过,因为某种原因又失去了其意义,后来又被重新推广利用。

2.新词义的产生途径

新词义主要是针对那些词语形式未发生变化,但是其意义却有很大变化的词语,它主要通过两种方式产生:

(1)通过修辞实现

现代汉语的修辞非常多,其中能形成词的新义的主要有比喻、比拟、借代、委婉、别解、断取等。其中最典型的就是比喻法,即根据事物之间的相似之处,在词的原义基础上通过比喻性运用而产生新义的方法。

(2)非修辞实现新词义

它包括四种具体方法:特指法、泛指法、引申法、减缩法。

①特指法

即某词语指称范围较大,但在现代汉语中扩大了其范围,并特指某一类事或物。如“插足”,现在可以特指破坏婚姻关系的行为;还有血检,其指称范围扩大,并特指检验血液中是否含有违禁药物。

②泛指法

指称与其有共同特点的更多类型或各种类型的事物,如“海量”原指酒量大,现在则可以泛指量较多的食物,对接原指机械上的对接,现在泛指管理、思想、技术等。

③引申法

指词的新义由原义经过人们的逻辑推理发展而来,两类对象的深层具有某种逻辑相演的关系,通过由此推彼的方式产生新义。

④减缩法

指通过词组缩略而使某词承担整个词组的意义,从而使该词产生新义的方法,如“笔记本”,现在多指笔记本电脑,而其固有的含义则以记事本所代替了;“票房”,现代汉语中多指电影票房,而固有的含义则是戏院的门票收入等。

参考文献:

[1]杨绪明,杨文全.当代汉语新词新语探析[J].汉语学习,2009(1).

[2]魏慧萍.汉语词义发展演变研究[M].内蒙古人民出版社,2005.

[3]李尔钢.专科新词和新义问题[J].辞书研究,2004(3).

篇3

时光飞逝,许多往事,都在我的头脑中失去本来的颜色。但是,这件事永远铭刻在我的心中,成为我一生的遗憾。

那一天,我去海边散心,突然,我听到一个声音,在喊:“救人啦!救人啦!”我听见了,不紧不慢的走过去,一看,原来是一个小女孩掉到了水里,我心想:不就是一个小女孩吗,有什么大惊小怪的。他好像看出了我的心思,说:“小女孩也是生命!“

我说:“我来这儿不是让你教训我的!”他听了我的话,不说话了。我刚想走,但是人们的目光投到了我身上。我羞得无地自容,真想找个老鼠洞的钻进去。可是,周围没有老鼠洞。

这时,一位叔叔走了过来,他看了看小女孩,奋不顾身地跳了下去,把小女孩救了出来。

篇4

关键词:冗余信息;英汉翻译;语际交流

一、引言

美国著名数学家香农(Claude Elwood Shannon)是信息论的创始人,奈达(Eugene A. Nida)创造性地将信息论与翻译研究相结合,提出二者的结合有助于形成原文与译文之间的动态对等。

冗余信息的翻译是奈达动态对等理论的重要组成部分。冗余信息并不是无用信息,原文与译文之间冗余程度的不同会直接影响目的语读者对原文的理解,因此多研究冗余信息的翻译方法,对翻译活动的有效进行以及实现源语与译语之间的动态对等具有重大指导意义。

二、《为奴十二载》中冗余信息的译法

以下根据《为奴十二载》中的实例,分析在翻译过程中如何对冗余信息进行有效处理,以保证翻译活动的顺利进行。具体实例围绕加注、重复、增加隐含语义、语义丰富化四个具体方面展开。

1.加注

例1:In her pilgrimage through the wilderness of bondage, with eyes fixed upon that hope-inspiring beacon, she had at length ascended to“the top of Pisgah①”, and beheld “the land of promise.”

译文:她在蛮荒奴役之地一路跋涉,双眼紧盯着希望的灯塔,最终登上了毗斯迦山的山顶,看见了应许之地。

译文注释:①毗斯迦山(Pisgah),位于约旦河东,《圣经》记载摩西从此眺望上帝赐给亚伯拉罕的迦南地方。

例2: I wouldn’t own a slave if I was rich as Croesus②, which I am not, as is perfectly well understood, more particularly among my creditors.

译文:即使我像克罗伊斯那样富有――我当然不是――我也绝不会蓄奴。道理十分清楚,尤其对我的债主们来说。

译文注释:②克罗伊斯(Croesus),公元前六世纪吕底亚王国最后一位君主,以拥有巨额财富而闻名。

加注法是在翻译过程中常用的一种翻译方法,用来补充原文中缺少的相关背景知识,注释中补充的信息就是冗余信息,起解释说明作用。目的语读者由于缺少源语读者的相关背景知识,在对原文的表达上会出现理解障碍,而在文末加注的处理方法既可最大限度弥补直译的不足,保持原文风格,又可帮助目的语读者补充理解原文所必需的历史文化知识,从而减少理解障碍,避免在阅读过程中出现晦涩难懂的现象。

2.重复

例3: “Don’t leave me, mama―don’t leave me,” screamed the child, as its mother was pushed harshly forward;“Don’t leave me ― come back, mama,” she still cried, stretching forth her little arms imploringly. But she cried in vain. out of the door and into the street we were quickly hurried. Still we could hear her calling to her mother, “Come back ― don’t leave me ― come back, mama,”until her infant voice grew faint and still more faint, and gradually died away, as distance intervened, and finally was wholly lost.

译文:“别离开我,妈妈,别离开我。”孩子尖叫着,她的母亲正被无情地向后拖去。“不要离开我,回来,妈妈!”孩子祈求地伸出小胳膊,哭喊着,但一切都无济于事。我们被匆忙赶出门口,走到街上,依然能够听到她在喊着母亲,“妈妈回来,妈妈别走。”她稚嫩的童音越来越弱,渐渐消失。我们越走越远,最终完全听不见了。

在原文中“don’t leave me”和“come back”出F多次,这种重复现象在文学作品中比较多见。这一部分是在描写一位黑人夫人由于家族斗争母子三人被贩卖为奴的故事。大儿子不久前被买主带走,此时此刻她也因为被另外一位买主看中,在奴隶贩子的鞭打下被迫与小女儿分开。小女孩深知这次分离之后就再也没有可能与母亲重逢,所以原文中多次出现“don’t leave me”和“come back”,重复信息的冗余充分表现了小女孩对母亲的依赖、对未知的恐惧以及对自己命运绝望的挣扎。译者也相应地保留了原文中的重复“别离开我”“回来”,给译文读者呈现出一幅母子分离、伤心欲绝的画面,达到了和原文同样的艺术效果。

3.增加隐含语义

例4:Epps cursed himself for not having brought his rawhide, and declared that when he came out again he would warm us well.

译文:艾普斯骂骂咧咧地说没带鞭子,过会儿再来,要抽得我们身上暖和起来。

这一情景发生在一个寒冷冬天的早上,衣着单薄的奴隶们被迫在田间摘棉花,宿醉的奴隶主突然到来,使得大家的心都提到了嗓子眼。在这个例子中,“he would warm us well”,如果直译过来就是“他会使我们暖和起来”,读起来似乎奴隶主对黑奴们还不错。如果简单地直译处理,就会造成误解,与原作的表达大相径庭。原文中并没有出现动词“抽”,而是译者从Epps恼怒的情绪、回去拿鞭子的动作以及扬言“warm us well”等信息,通过对上下文的推敲,根据语境,补出了隐含语义“抽”,巧妙地解决了由于原文信息冗余不足对读者可能造成的干扰。

4.语义丰富化

例5:Thus far the history of my life presents nothing whatever unusual--nothing but the common hopes, and loves and labors of an obscure colored man, making his humble progress in the world.

译文:直到此时,我的生活都没有呈现出任何不同寻常的地方――一个平凡的黑人从事着平凡的劳动,抱着平凡的爱与希望在这个世界里卑微前行。

不可否认中英两种语言存在差异的客观事实,其中一个方面就是动静差异。英语中常用一些静态性的词语,一个句子中只能有一个动词;而汉语多用动态性的词语,一个句子中可以有多个动词。原文中的“hopes”“loves”“labors”,译者在进行处理的时候并没有简单地按照名词来处理,而是分别加上了动词“从事着平凡的劳动”“抱着平凡的爱与希望”。增加的冗余信息也让译本有了比原文更加贴切的表达。

三、结论

冗余信息的增减是保证源语与译语之间信息准确传递的有效形式。本文运用信息论和动态对等理论,对Twelve Years a Slave译本中的例子进行分析,阐述了冗余信息在汉英翻译实践中所起到的重要作用。冗余信息的处理要求译者对源语的文化背景知识、表达方式和目的语读者的语言习惯、理解能力都有深入了解,才能在提高译本对源语忠实度的同时增加目的语读者的信息接收率,实现信息的动态等值。

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篇5

[关键词]焊接装置;双轨;滚珠丝杠;同步

中图分陈类号:TG434 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-914X(2016)05-0237-01

在联合收割机的滚筒侧面通常采用辐盘进行固定,这种辐盘在生产加工中通过焊接成型,在焊接辐盘上的辐槽时,由于辐槽的两条焊缝呈相互倾斜交叉趋势,需要一一进行人工手动焊接,焊接对人体伤害较大,焊接效率较低,且两条焊缝分开焊接,焊缝一致性较差。

本实用新型所要解决的技术问题是提供一种不损害人体、焊接效率高、焊缝一致性好的双轨同步焊接的焊接装置。这对人们以后工作中的身体健康具有重要意义。

1 设备结构

1.1 基本结构介绍

该双轨同步焊接的焊接装置,包括底座、电机、滚珠丝杠及两条直线导轨。底座上设有前支撑座和后支撑座;滚珠丝杠包括滚珠丝杠螺母座和滚珠丝杠轴,滚珠丝杠轴可转动的支撑在所述前支撑座及后支撑座上,滚珠丝杠轴的前端穿过所述前支撑座并与电机的输出端固定连接,两条直线导轨对称的设于滚珠丝杠轴的两侧;两条所述直线导轨的延长线在底座的前部相交,在两条直线导轨上分别滑动连接有滑座,所述滑座的顶部分别固定设置有焊枪;电机控制所述滚珠丝杠轴转动,从而带动滚珠丝杠螺母座在滚珠丝杠轴上前后移动,滑座被滚珠丝杠螺母座带动在直线导轨上滑动位移。其结构模型如图1所示。

1.2 设备结构优化

(1)考虑到焊接过程中会产生焊渣,有可能飞溅到所述滚珠丝杆、直线导轨和直线轴承上,从而划伤轨道或污染油脂,进而影响本实用新型运行,底座的上表面设有覆盖所述滚珠丝杠、直线导轨和直线轴承的防护罩。

(2)考虑到提升所述焊枪在滑座上固定的可靠性,滑座的顶部竖向固定设置有安装杆,焊枪固定连接在安装杆上,并与安装杆作转动配合,拧动焊枪可调整焊接角度,以适应不同尺寸辐盘两焊缝的焊接。

(3)考虑到滚珠丝杠轴与电机的输出端固定可靠性,滚珠丝杠轴的一端通过联轴器与电机的输出端固定连接。

2 工作原理

2.1 工作过程

根据图(1)所示,该双轨同步焊接装置工作过程为:启动电机9,电机9带动滚珠丝杠轴5旋转,滚珠丝杠螺母座1随滚珠丝杠轴5旋转而在滚珠丝杠轴5上沿滚珠丝杠轴5的方向作直线位移,从而带动两滑座4在各自对应的直线导轨6上同步滑动,进而带动两根焊枪3-1沿各自对应的直线导轨6延伸方向同步位移,即可实现辐盘辐槽的两焊缝的同步焊接。

2.2 焊接装置的优越性

双轨同步焊接装置利用电机正反转驱动滚珠丝杠工作,由于滑座沿滚珠丝杠径向的位移被直线轴承弥补,故两个滑座在各自对应的所述直线滑轨上同步滑动,进而带动两根焊枪同步运行,对辐盘辐槽的两不平行的焊缝进行同步焊接,焊接效率高,焊缝一致性好,精确度高,加工质量好,且无需人工焊接,不损害人体;另外,由于定位座将滚珠丝杠轴定位,避免其摆动,使得本实用新型能够正常稳定的工作。

3 结语

这种新型焊接装置已经应用于实际生产中,充分体现出其焊接效率高,焊接一致性好的特点,并且因为无需人员亲自焊接,大大保障了人们的身体健康,这种新型双轨同步焊接装置一定会给人们带来更大的便利,促进农业机械的发展,给农业生产带来便利。

参考文献

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篇6

关键词:C语言教学;函数分类;函数编程

中图分类号:G642 文献标识码:B

文章编号:1672-5913(2007)18-0056-03

1前言

很多从事C语言教学的高职高专老师感到学生学习函数时很吃力,而且效果不好。学生学了之后,语法知识知道一些,但具体编程能力则很弱。如何改变这种状况?下面先从分析传统教学方案开始。

为了便于叙述,下面我们所讨论的内容仅限于如何进行函数的定义与调用。

2传统教学方案概要及分析

目前大多数高职高专学校依然采用传统的教学方案,其概要如下。

2.1传统教学方案概要

(1) 教学目标

理解函数的基本概念,如形参、实参、调用等;掌握函数的定义、声明、调用等语法规定;掌握函数的参数使用格式及其数据传递的机理。

(2) 教学内容及安排

1) 函数定义的三种形式及其定义格式。具体包括:无参函数、有参函数、空函数。

2) 形参、实参与返回值。具体包括:形参、实参与返回值的概念;形参、实参的若干注意点;return语句的格式及其作用;函数类型,默认的函数类型。

3) 函数的调用。具体包括:函数调用以及函数调用的三种方式――函数单独作为语句、函数作为一个表达式、函数作为另一个函数调用的实参。

4) 函数的声明。具体包括:函数的声明格式、函数声明的位置,什么情况下可以省略函数的声明。

5) 函数定义和调用举例。

上述方案可以分为两部分,第一部分是语法知识,包括上述的1~4,第二部分是函数编程举例,即上述的5。

2.2传统方案在高职高专教学中的问题

(1) 语法角度的罗列对编程没有直接的指导作用

传统方案中,语法知识是从语法角度系统地进行罗列,从函数形式、参数等分别进行介绍,这种语法角度的罗列对编程没有直接的指导作用,学生编程时不知道该选择哪种形式。

(2) 开始时过多的语法介绍影响了编程实例的讲解效果

传统方案中首先系统详细介绍函数、形参、实参等概念与语法知识,这些概念讲授花了大量时间,学生的接受效果却不理想,后面的函数编程等实用知识的讲授时间不够,学生就更难以接受了。

(3) 编程思路与步骤方面的训练不够

对于高职高专学生来说,拿到一个涉及函数的编程题目,如何开始着手编程,应该采取什么样的步骤和思路,针对不同的问题如何采取相应的对策,这在传统教学方案中训练不够。

由于高职高专传统教学方案存在的上述问题,导致学生学完之后掌握了不少的语法知识,但碰到实际编程题目时还是有困难。

由此可见,设计一种新教学方案时,应该首先考虑编程能力的培养,为此我们提出一种新的函数分类方法。

3一种新的函数分类方法

从语法角度,通常是从参数个数和有无函数体方面将函数分为无参函数、有参函数、空函数三类,但这种分类方法对学生编程帮助不大。为了让学生能最快掌握编程方法,需要一种新的函数分类方法。

从编程角度,我们通常首先考虑编写函数的目的,然后着手编写和使用函数。根据编写函数的目的、功能或者说用途,函数可以被分为以下三类:

1) 求值类函数:使用这种函数是为了求一个值。如函数A,其功能是根据收入计算一个人的所得税。

2) 判断类函数:使用这种函数是为了检查一个判断是否成立。如函数B,其功能是判断一个整数是不是素数。

3) 操作类函数:使用这种函数是为了完成某一项操作。如函数C,其功能是将一个数组进行排序。

上述三种类型的函数在定义和调用时其方法均有明显的差异。学生拿到涉及函数的编程题目时,应该首先分析所要编写的函数是上述的哪一种类型,然后再采取相应的编程方法。

4新教学方案

基于上述新的函数分类方法,针对高职高专学生给出一种新的教学方案,其核心指导思想是:根据不同的函数类别,分别给出完整的一套编程方法,最快最直接地教会学生如何编写和使用函数。

4.1教学目标

新教学方案的教学目标只有一个:从编程角度出发进行教学,尽快让学生学会编写和使用函数。

4.2教学内容和安排

首先简单介绍一下函数最基本的概念,但不需占用过多教学课时,要把最主要的时间放在编程方法的传授。至于各概念与语法细节的进一步掌握,应该通过学生多编程而逐步加深理解。

(1) 通过认识法理解各概念

给出少数几个程序实例,引导学生认识函数、函数头、函数体、形参、实参、调用、定义等概念,在讲解概念时尽量简化,让出更多教学课时传授编程方法。

(2) 传授各种类型的函数编程方法

1) 求值类函数的定义与调用。讲解求值类函数定义和调用方法:

求值类函数的一般定义格式:

函数值类型 函数名(类型 形参1, 类型 形参2, ……)

{

根据形参的值计算所求的值;

return 结果;

}

求值类函数的定义步骤是:

① 编写函数头:根据函数所求值的数据类型确定函数值类型,分析函数要提供的参数及其类型从而确定形参。

② 编写函数体:根据提供的参数 (即形参) ,求出所需的值,最后返回 (return) 该值。

求值类函数在调用时通常作为表达式使用,可用于赋值、输出、运算、或作为另一个函数调用的实参。调用格式:

函数名(实参1,实参2,……)

在讲授中,应多举例子让学生完全理解与掌握其方法。

2) 判断类函数的定义与调用。讲解判断类函数定义和调用方法。

判断类函数是一种特殊的求值类函数,其值为1或者0,表示判断成立与不成立。因此判断类函数值的类型固定为int。下面给出判断类函数的一种参考格式:

int 函数名(类型 形参1, 类型 形参2, ……)

{

int f; /* 代表判断结果 */

根据形参的值进行判断,判断成立则令f为1,否则令f为0

return f;/* 将判断结果返回 */

}

判断类函数调用时通常用于在选择结构或循环结构中作为判断条件。如:

if (函数名(实参1, 实参2,......)==1)......

在讲授中,通过举例让学生完全理解与掌握其方法。

3) 操作类函数的定义与调用。讲解操作类函数定义和调用方法。

操作类函数不是为了求值,即函数没有值,其函数值的数据类型是void。函数体中不能使用return (值); 语句来返回一个值,但可以使用return来结束函数的运行返回到主调函数。

操作类函数定义格式:

void 函数名(类型 形参1, 类型 形参2, ……)

{

根据形参的值进行处理

return;/*或者无return */

}

操作类函数调用时通常单独作为语句,其调用格式:

函数名(实参1,实参2,……);

在讲授中,通过举例让学生完全理解与掌握其方法。

(3) 综合编程举例

再举若干编程例子,引导学生如何判断函数的类型,然后再根据前面传授的方法进行编程,巩固学生的编程能力。

4.3一个编程实例教学设计概要

下面给出一个具体编程实例的教学设计,为方便说明主要问题,忽略了其他的一些教学细节。

例:编写函数计算一个整数的阶乘。利用函数计算8!-4! 5!。

编程步骤:

1) 判断函数类型。所要编写的函数是为了求值――阶乘,因此是求值类函数,下面其定义和调用将采用前面给出的方法。

2) 编写函数头。函数值 (即阶乘) 的数据类型为int,因此函数的数据类型为int。求阶乘需要提供一个整数(即形参),据此可以写出函数头。

int jiecheng(int x)

3) 编写函数体。函数体的内容是求出形参 (在这里是x) 的阶乘,然后将其返回。

{

int r,i;

r=1;

for(i=1;i

return r;

}

4) 函数调用。main函数中调用求值类函数时,需要提供实参,然后将函数值作为表达式进行运算。

main()

{

printf("%d\n", jiecheng(8)-jiecheng(4)* jiecheng (5));

}

注意:在讲解时要时时联系4.2.2中的编程方法。通过例子的讲解使得学生对4.2.2中的编程方法加深理解并能灵活运用。

4.4若干注意点

(1) 语法细节的淡化

在传授编程方法时应尽量淡化或避开一些语法细节,比如避免在一开始过多强调函数的声明及其各种可省略声明的条件,可有意识地引导学生将函数定义在前、调用在后,避开函数声明;编程举例时避免向学生传授如何省略函数头前面的函数值类型,引导学生所有函数定义时都要加上类型说明;避免一开始就向学生传授参数传递的机理,可在编程举例时引导学生如何提供不同的参数让函数进行相应的处理,让学生对实参和形参有一个直观的认识。

(2) 掌握一种函数以后,再传授下一种函数

考虑到学生的接受能力,不要把求值、判断、操作这三种函数的编程方法一下子传授给学生。可以先传授求值类函数的编程方法,然后多举例子,让学生充分掌握后,再传授其他两种函数的编程方法。

(3) 涉及函数的程序分析

程序分析是提高程序调试与维护能力的基础。在学生能够顺利进行编程之后,可以对学生进行程序分析能力的训练。

避免在学生尚未掌握编程方法时就引导学生进行程序分析,等学生能熟练地自主编程以后,再引导学生进行程序分析,使得学生编程碰到错误时能够自己解决。

5两种教学方案对比

5.1目标定位与侧重点不同

传统教学方案中重点在于各语法知识点,编程方法则不突出;新教学方案中重点在于介绍三类函数的编程方法,语法知识点尽量淡化。

5.2传授的角度不同

传统教学方案从语法角度进行教学,有利于掌握语法知识点,不利于掌握编程方法;新教学方案从编程角度进行教学,与编程者编程时的思路更加吻合,更容易掌握方法。

5.3效果对比

传统教学方案的优势是能全面介绍语法知识,让学生能全面准确地理解所有概念和语法,劣势是基础较差的学生较难自主编程;新教学方案的优势是学生能很快自主编程,劣势是对个别概念和语法不能一下子全面准确掌握,需要在编程过程中逐步加深体会。

5.4适合的学生对象不同

新教学方案较适合高职高专类学生,对于基础较好的本科学生或者已经学过其他语言的学生,可采用传统的教学方案。

6结束语

笔者采用新的教学方案进行了三年的高职高专教学,与之前的教学情况相比,发现大部分学生均能较快掌握编程要领,自主进行编程。

参考文献

[1] 徐晓,匡泰,涂嘉庆等. C语言程序设计实践教程[M]. 北京:电子工业出版社,2006.

篇7

关键词:模糊语言; 商务英语信函; 积极作用; 消极作用

一、 Introduction

This paper aims to study vague language in business English letters, and discuss when people use vague language and why people use vague language on actual contexts. At the same time, we also learn the active functions and negative functions which are the vague language in business English letters causing. Based on the two functions, we discuss how to use vague language and avoid negative function in the business English letters.

(一) Introduction to the study

L.A.Zadeh, a professor of California University and an expert of Cybernetics, first put forward his concept and theory of fuzzy sets in 1965. From then on, there are many studies on vague language. Linguists reach a common sense that vague language plays a significant role in human communication. English linguist Channel (2000:194) claims that "whether one can properly use vague language shows one's language performance, because vague language is an inseparable part of language communication." A Chinese linguist Wu Tieping first brought vagueness into China and then his first Investigation of Fuzzy Linguistics came to the public in 1999 which remarks the beginning of researching vague language in China. There are a large amount of researches on vague language from semantic and pragmatic angles soon after, such as Practical Fuzzy Linguistics by Li Qian Jv in 1996, On Fuzzy Semantics by Zhang Qiao in 1998.

Although the existing or spreading of vague language everywhere, litter study on it in business English letters has been found because of the disputes or even lawsuits causing by vague language. As we know, the principles of business writing require the usage of its language precise, exact and clear, but vague language is always common used in business writing.

So, we should strive to study clearly the vague language in business English letters, especially in specific contexts about its effect of appropriateness and wide applicability.

(二) Data Collection and Research Method

The data of this paper are business English letters which are expected to point out when and why people use vague language and its active functions and negative functions in business English letters. These materials are collected mainly form books and articles on business English letters and business communication. The author also has collected some examples from other authors relevant to the current study. In fact, these examples in this paper are in the form of sentences form the letters. There are 20 samples of business English letters being not attached to the study due to the limited length of the paper.

A qualitative method is used in this paper to study the deliberate use of vague language by using business English letters as examples. Based on the theoretical prerequisites, the study explores the essential reasons of when and why people use vague language in business English letters.

二、 Literature Review

There is not a common sense what is vague language from the beginning to today. The originator of the notion of vagueness in language, a famous philosopher Pierce, showed his interest in natural language in1902.The philosophical study on vagueness of natural language brought about this phenomenon in the linguistic field. From then on, fuzziness, ambiguity, generality and vagueness have been made to define the confusing terms by linguists. This chapter plays much attention to the definition of vague language and the relationship of some confusing terms.

(一) A Definition of Vague language

Although a great number of researches on vague language have been carried out, a definition can not come to consensus in the linguistic field. There are two reasons to explain the difficulty, one is the vague language is complex area of study the other is the large number of different conceptions of vague language. Therefore, it is urgent to delimitate the present study towards the definition of vague language according to the definition by Wu Tieping and Channel are as follows:

Some words or some sentences are vague, they are not independent but in the context.

Vague language is vague probe to the vagueness of itself and the vagueness of acknowledge, it aims to language communication and chose loosely.

The latter study of vague language in business English letters will be firmly fellow the above definition.

(二) Comparison of Some Confusing Terms

In order to distinct the four terms among vagueness, fuzziness, generality and ambiguity. It is so significant that much effort has been done on this matter in linguistics. This paper will continue this project for sake of better understanding of the research.

1.Vague Language vs. Fuzziness

The two words are used exchangeable by some researches. Linguists like Black Russell, Fillmore, Ullmann, Deese, Channel and etc. all substitute vagueness for fuzziness. Actually, the research about this has not been worked out. Kempson(1979),a English linguist classifies vagueness into the following four types(qtd. in Zhang Qiao 17-18).

(1) Referential vagueness, where the meaning of a lexical item is in principle clear enough, but it may be hard to decide whether or not the item be applied to certain objects;

(2) Indeterminacy of meaning, where the meaning of an item itself seems indeterminate;

(3) Lack of specification in the meaning of items, where the meaning is clear but is only generally specified;

(4) Disjunction in the specification of an item's meaning, where the meaning involves an either-or statement with different interpretation possibilities.

As the above-mentioned classification, we will discuss three types because the last type is beyond our study in this paper. The first is lack of clear boundaries. For instance, we have no idea to recognize the referential boundary like “land” or “floor” ;“the ground” or “the earth”. The second is that the borderline of a word is uncertain. For example, how beautiful is “beautiful”? How small is “small”? These borderlines are not clear. The third is the uncertainty in a phrase or proposition including the indeterminate meaning. For example, "my brother's taxi" is indeterminate. Since we can not distinguish whether it is used to express the taxi my brother owns, the taxi my brother drives, the taxi my brother rents, the taxi my brother is going to catch, or the taxi my brother goes to work on and etc.

To sum up, because of the unclear boundary and the indefinite criteria, addition to it a continuous range of values, the meaning of fuzziness is a part of the expression vagueness. At the moment, vagueness is used its broadest sense which is also the point we use in this paper, including the coming analysis.

2.Vagueness vs. Ambiguity

Although the two terms are different, some people often confuse them, to such an extent that, they use ambiguous examples to interpret vagueness.

According to Zhang Qiao, he holds that ambiguity is expression with more than one competing but distinct meaning; while for vagueness; distinct meaning can not be identified. It seems that vagueness has borderline and a single meaning. Therefore, homonymy and polysemous words lead to ambiguity not vagueness. For instance, “It is good whether” is vague because of the one meaning of “good”, and we do not know how good it is. “She has a good leg.” is ambiguous because of the several meaning of “good”. We can not decide whether it means “athletic” or “healthy” or “beautiful” (liao1).The answer varies from context to context, from individual to individual.

Compare with vagueness, ambiguities are less use in actual texts, because contextual clues generally make clear which meaning is appropriate, but vagueness is possible in many causes because it expresses one meaning which is not clear or distinct. For instance, "Jane has my book." has one meaning: Jane has my book, but the expression is not clear. Does it mean a book written by me, or owned by me, or borrowed by me? So that the sentence is vague but not ambiguous. (Liao2)

3.Vagueness vs. Generality

Wu Yaxin defines generality is as follows: "an expression is general if it is the super ordinate to other relevant expressions, which are considered as its hyponym." With Zhang Qiao's view on generality “the meaning of an expression is general if it does not specify certain details, i.e. generality is an unspecified matter.” in mind, Ms Wu gives her viewpoint above; she adds her idea that if we use unspecified word here, it would be difficult to draw a demarcation line between generality and vagueness. For instance, “Rose got a rose.” is general and cause an unclear meaning if we want to know whether Rose has a red, or a white rose, a yellow rose, or a black rose.

Generality covers Hyponymy, the vertical relationship existing between a specific and a general expression is the connotation of hyponymy. For example,“ sweet” and “chocolate”, the semantic field of “chocolate” lies within “sweet”. In this case, it is clear to see "chocolate" belongs to “sweet”, but sometimes generality is a means and vagueness is the result of it. For example, a child is expecting his mother to buy chocolate to him says in vagueness by using the general terms: "How I wish someone to send me chocolate and I will have the confidence to get full marks in this coming exam."

三、 The Functions of Vague Language in Business English Letters

As is well known, business language requires precision but avoid vagueness. In fact, both vagueness and precision are the innate characteristics of natural language; business language is not an exception. Sometimes, in order to run the business transactions well, vague language is used for particular and diversified reasons. It should concern the following communicative purposes and intentions by Channel (173-192):

(1) Giving the right amount of information

(2) Deliberately withholding information

(3) Using language persuasively

(4) Lexical gaps

(5) Lacking specific information

(6) Displacement

(7) Self-protection

(8) Power and politeness

(9) Informality and atmosphere

(10) Women's language

This study concentrate on the deliberate use of vague language in business English letters, so only these uses: giving the right amount of information; deliberately withholding information; using language persuasively; self-protesters; power and politeness; informality and atmosphere; women's language, given by Channel will be discussed as the functions of vague language. As we all know that it is difficult for a theory to be perfected a linguistic phenomenon or a complete interpretation. Every theory has its strong points and weak points. Therefore, in this study, the Channel’s theory is supposed to construct the theoretical framework for the analysis of vague language in business English letters. With these functions of vague language, business people may use vague language as a communicative strategy in different context in order to maintain the goodwill between the parties involved. Vague language may turn out to be a powerful tool in good business writing and successful business transactions. However, vague expressions in some contexts are used to confuse the addressee deliberately, this may cause to misunderstanding or cheating.

This section associates with some actual articles and materials to make a try to explore and summarize both the positive and negative functions of vague language in business English letters.

(一) An overview of Business English Letters

As we know, business communication will reach a possible agreement at last, no matter what manners both sides use, it is basined on the common interests and conflicting interests put the cooperation further or break-up. Wall defines that business communication is a process through which two or more parties coordinate an exchange of goods or services and attempt to agree upon the rate of the exchange for them.

Business letters is a kind of communication, specifically, “a piece of conversation by post” (Yang, 15). The participants take turns as being the addresser and the addressee have their special audience and definite purpose, so the communication is carried on by written forms. "business letters are different from other literary discourses, Brown and Yule said that "they do not call for the elegant language of literature and the main difference between business letters and other types of discourses lies in the language and style." It seems a reasonable answer to the trait of business English letters from a large number of articles and materials which other people research.

Business letters are hard to classify because there are great classifications from different angles, such as the different functions, the content of the letters. It seems that it is impossible to carry out a complete and perfect classification for the business letters. There are the same things among some types of letters above if we found carefully. Sometimes, it is difficult to distinguish one letter from another. Therefore, there is a need to give a general classification for the following analysis of vague language in business English letters. According to Stewart (qtd. in Yang, 17), there are four different kinds of information in terms of its effect on the readers’ needs: good news, neutral news, bad news and persuasion. Accordingly, there are good-news letters, neutral-news letters, bad-news letters and persuasive letters. In addition, order letters, inquiry letters and replies to inquires and adjustment letters can be sub-classified into good-news or neutral-news letters, Refusing letters can be classified into bad-news letters and sales letters and collection letters into persuasive letters.

四、 Functions of Vague Language in Business English Letters and Some Suggests

(一) Positive Functions of Vague Language in Business English letters

It is known that vague language playing an important role in the linguistic communication own to vagueness, communication operates smoothly, so does business English letters. The businessmen often use vague expressions purposely for their contribution to the messages. Generally speaking, positive functions of vague language in business English letters are as follows:

1.Increasing the Accuracy of Language Expressions

The American philosopher Grice said that in the communicative activities, parties should observe some basic norms in order to ensure the communication going on successfully. Since there are situations in which one is reluctant to be very precise or accurate, businessmen may make use of vague language intentionally. In the objective reality, there are too many “boundary phenomena”, in other words, things and phenomena that belong to objective reality manifest indeterminacy. Vagueness is sometimes an important means of appropriately stating or expressing these indeterminate uncertain things and phenomena (Hyland440). Accuracy attributes to vagueness in some contexts, businessmen use vague terms to seek accuracy of expressions in business English letters. For instance:

(1) “in general” our payment terms are by irrevocable letter of credit at sight and we do not accept D/P term.

“In general” is used to quality the validity of the state of affairs expressed in the message. The humble example indicates that the vague expression “in general” weakens the force of certainty, thus it guards against possible refutation and enhances the accuracy of expression, as they suggest the objectivity in conveying the sense that the information may be held to be true. So, the businessman ensures that the information he provides only represents his own opinion, but not others’ opinion. Whether the information is true or not is unclear due to the use of “in general”.

(2) The responsibility for the losses many rest with the shipping company and we suggest you yourself make the claim for compensation.

“May” expresses the tone of inference, but not clearly how deeply the possibility is. The addresser describes his view objectively and shirks his responsibility of the losses. The tone of “suggest” is so relaxed that other sides feel available easily. Instead of saying absolutely, the businessmen use vague expressions to make the sentence more accurate. Therefore, we can see that vague language is commonly adopted when posting developing trends or predicting future situations in order to avoid absoluteness.

2.Enhancing the Flexibility of Language Expressions and Achieving the Self-protection

According to Channel, the speakers try to have self-protection, namely, the speakers use vague language in order to avoid being considered to offer wrong information to others in the future. In the special situation, when the replies to some questions are beyond your authority or it is the improper time to answer these questions, the use of vague language may be considered as a good choice because it can offer you a relatively flexible space to move back and fro. For example:

(1) Should your price be found competitive and delivery date acceptable, we intend to place a large order with you. (Yi Xiaoying, 45)

The vague words “competitive”, “acceptable” and “a large” have not been definite meaning which gives certain freedom for the addresser in the business exchange. The purpose is to let the addressee interpret messages the way he wants to and then give the addresser the leeway for further change according to the market fluctuation.

(2) At present we are interested in your cosmetics, details as per our Enquiry Note No.1345 attached, and shall be glad to receive your lowest quotation as soon as possible.(Yi Xiaoying,50)

The vague expression "as soon as possible" serves as stalling tactics, although the board's opinion to promises to accept the addresser's lowest quotation, which quotation is the lowest is unclear. So the result of the disposal can be manipulated flexibly by the addressee according to actual situation.

From the above examples, we can see that the businessmen may have flexible manipulation through vague language. At the same time, the tone sounds sincere when use vague language and the vague language will enhance the cooperation between the two parties.

3.Deliberately Withholding Information, Promoting the Trade Cooperation

Vague language makes the expressions more measured and tactful, especially some sensitive items, such as both sides' benefit. Concealing the true situation, avoiding conflicts and expressing your own ideas are the functions of vague language. Based on the politeness and cooperation principles, the addresser not only maintain his benefit but also consider other sides' feeling fully in order that both sides keep their trade relationship just like the usual. For example:

We should revert to the question of sole agency when the business between us has developed to our mutual satisfaction.

From the above example, it seems that the addresser is positive and cooperated, but "mutual satisfaction" actually withholds negative information, namely, the addresser refuses other sides' demand of "sole agency". This vague expression makes the addresser understanding the withholding information easy, additionally, it is very kindly to protect other sides' face from being threatened and maintain the cooperative relationship.

As we all know, the businessmen often do their best to deliberately withhold information in actual business transactions. Particularly, it is unchangeable when the price of the goods is given to the customer. So, the businessman answers the customers' inquiries with vague words, especially the price. Vague language give both the businessmen an opportunity to change the price is easy to be changed so that customers can make right response to the price.

4.Indicating You-attitude, Expressing Business Cultivation

Courtesy and amicability is known as the general principles that business writing must consider, so it is necessary to use vague language because that is one of the best ways to express politeness. Simultaneously, the appropriation of use of vague language is also one of the standards to balance the professional character of the members of a company and improve the image of the company into the public. For instance:

(1) I'm afraid that the proposal you put forward isn't up too much.

The addresser expresses his disagreement through the vague and negative words, avoiding cruelly say" I do not agree with your proposal." and leave well impression on the addressee. There is no doubt that this proper letter makes the best and fake advertisement for the company.

According to the above analysis, we can see that proper use of vague language can fully indicate you-attitude that requires dealing with business from other sides' standpoint and satisfy other sides’ needs. Therefore, vague language plays a significant role in indicating you-attitude which will enhance the cooperation between both sides and give a positive impression of your company to the addresser.

(二) Negative Functions Vague Language in Business English Letters

Vague language, just like everything has two antagonistic sides, is not always positive. There is a negative effect in business English letters in some contexts. So the addressee may not be able to distinguish the true or false messages, and then cause difficulty. For example:

(1) As to the steamers sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco, we have bimonthly direct services.

Vague word “bimonthly” is unclear, so what is “bimonthly” means? It means twice a month or once two months. Obviously, the expression has two meaning which will cause troubles to the addressee. It should interpret clearly:

a. We have two direct sailings every month from Hong Kong to San Francisco.

b. We have semimonthly direct sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco.

c. We have a direct sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco every two months.

The principle of concreteness in the business English writing demands the message specific, definite and vivid. Especially some letters require clear-cut response or reply the questions which other sides mention, offers, acceptances and so on. It will reduce the social efficiency when you use the vague language in the place where they need concretive expressions. For example:

(2) The Fareast Co. is one of our big buyers.

It is not detailed to reply the trade data of company, because "one of big buyers" is not specific, we don't know how big it is, so it is better amend it as follow:

The Fareast Co. placed U.S. $200,000,000.00 worth of business with us last year.

From the example above, we can see that under some circumstances, vague language does not give the addresser an edge in business communication, however, it may lead to trouble for the parties involved. Therefore, we should use vague language in business English letters which can help the addresser realize some communicative purposes or make the communication going smoothly and avoiding the negative functions of vague language.

(三) Some Suggests

Through analysis of above, it is proposed that there are two functions of vague language: the positive functions and the negative functions in business English letters. The positive functions may be helpful for further cooperation, but the negative functions will cause misunderstanding or cheating. Therefore, we should do great effort to make the positive functions and avoid the negative functions when adopting vague language. Generally speaking, the vague expressions in the business English letters often appear in the following two situations:

(1) Refusing gently and Leave a way out

There is an example: What you mentioned in your letter in connection with the question of agency has had our attention and we shall give this matter careful consideration and shall revert to it later on.

“Has had our attention” and “shall give this matter careful consideration” are not expressed clear details and attitude. It seems that the addresser has not agreement but also not refusing which make the other side confused. “Revert to it later on” is vague; too, because it holds another meaning, there is no opportunity to talk in the near future. Another is that this expression considers other sides’ feelings and the ability of acceptances fully, and then maintains the business English relationship of both sides.

(2) Unwilling to interpret the details and self-protection.

This situation exists in some contexts. For example:

If the Supplier fails to commence the work necessary to remedy such defect or any damage to the Equipment caused by such defect within a reasonable time, the Buyer may carry out such work in a reasonable manner, and the reasonable direct costs incurred by the Buyer in connection there will shall be paid to the Buyer by the Supplier, providing that the labor costs included in such costs shall be calculated based on the local costs incurred in the country in which the contract plant is to be constructed.

There are three vague words in the above example. How long is “within a reasonable time”? What way is “in a reasonable manner”? How much is “the reasonable direct costs”? All these have not specification, but the application of vague language used at this moment is appropriate avoiding speaking absolutely and trapping in passive situation.

From the above-mentioned example, we can see that use of vague language should control in a degree, or it will not gain the predicting result. So the addresser will advance and retreat freely when he masters the degree of using vague language, at the same time, it will not break out the trade relationship of both sides.

五、 Conclusion

In this paper, the study on when and why people use vague language in business English letters. Many examples are used in this paper to explore the situations of vague language in several of business English letters and its positive and negative functions. As a result, the analysis on this paper aims to help people realize and understand how to use vague language as a strategy to meet their communicative intentions. The functions of vague language in business English letters can cause people’s attention to use it in actual situations.

Although this study has been done mainly on English data, there are some questions about what situations in verbal business communication. People may also do some effort on this item. We can sure that people will discover the importance of vague language in business letters.

Reference

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篇8

戴望舒诗中的青色也不是一成不变的,而是随着诗人感情的发展形成了一个从黑色到蓝色再到绿色的深入浅出的变化,戴望舒以一种单纯透明的青色幻化出多种色彩,在简单的表层之下蕴含了丰富复杂的含义,诗中的青青一色,展现了复杂斑斓的彩色世界。由黑、蓝、绿深浅变化的青色和“运墨而五色具”的墨在一定意义上有着“异色同工”之能,即以单色暗示出无限的色感,表现宇宙淋漓的生命。它们都表现出一种高贵的单纯,既蕴含着丰富的色感,又表现出视觉上的纯净。而且它们还都具有相同的情感指向以及单纯的色彩杂糅着极深沉的内涵,而这恰是道家所追求的以有限通向无限的哲学境界,也是一种“见素抱朴”的道家精神的体现,其间寄寓着中国文人崇尚简淡、还纯返朴的心性和淡泊明志、宁静致远的情怀。[10]而且他诗中的青色大多还表现出复杂多重的意蕴,“‘天青色’可以象征尚未成熟的羞涩的爱情,也可以代表忧郁感伤的眷恋;既可以是一种理想爱情的幻想,也可以是一种人生理想的暗示。”[11]丰富的内涵达到了道家所谓的以有限通无限的哲学意境。《启示录》中描述“恭行天罚”的人子的形象是:“身穿长衣,直垂到脚,胸前束着金带。他的头与发皆白,如白羊毛,如雪”。白色是上帝、圣母、天使着装的色彩,也是圣诞节前夜及耶稣升天的象征色彩,它意味着纯洁、美好、爱等。郭沫若诗歌中白色运用得最多,怒涌的白云、雪潮一样的羊群、高张的白领如像戴雪的山椒、雪的波涛、银箔一样的沙原、白茫茫一片幽光的海、白灼的太阳、雪白的海鸥、鹭鸶、白孔雀的羽衣、象牙舟、白鸟、白雄鸡、乳白色的雾帏、白堤等,都是他诗中反复吟咏的色彩意象,具有深厚的文化内涵。郭沫若最喜爱的颜色也是白色,他曾选编过一本诗文合集《辛夷集》,集中入选作品都是清一色的白调,如《鸬鹚》、《蜜桑索罗普之夜歌》、《霁月》、《夜步十里松原》等。这些诗中的白色是透明的、温热的,具有突出的独特性,因为“五四”时期其他诗人诗中的白色多是浑浊的、潮湿的。郭沫若诗中的白色散发出“强烈的光和热”,而初期象征派诗人诗中的白色则“带着一些虚弱和颓废”。[12]为什么同样运用白色,给人的感觉却是如此不同呢?江锡铨教授认为这是由于“他们长期羁留国外,很少承受祖国人民革命的阳光的特殊精神状态。他们对黑暗的社会现实充满敌意,但又总是在一个相对狭小、相对锁闭的艺术空间里进行寻求光明之不甘屈服的挣扎”和“世纪末”美学的影响。[12]笔者认为尚有其他根本的理由。

因为综观现代新诗,这种贫血的“苍白”在承受祖国革命阳光的诗人笔下也大量存在,如殷夫的“你,惨然的,沉默的……你这苍白的,死寂的窗,死寂的窗?”(《囚窗》)尤其是在受西方象征主义诗派影响下的诗人的诗中更是广泛存在,原因即在于“‘苍白’这个词语,正是被日本化了的法国象征派常用词”。[5]那么郭沫若创作这些诗歌之时为何对浑浊、贫血的苍白具有免疫力呢?要知道,其时西方象征诗派已轰轰烈烈地、且影响力早已波及国内和日本,郭沫若虽对象征派不无微词,[13](P6)但这却并不意味着他对世界性的象征主义潮流毫无感应。他留日期间曾读过象征派作家梅特林克和霍甫特曼的作品,如《青鸟》、《沉钟》等,在一封论诗通信中,他还将波特莱尔、魏尔仑、叶芝等象征主义诗人列为自己所喜欢的诗人。[14](P173)既然对象征诗派有所了解并喜欢,却并没深受其影响,原因究竟是什么呢?要知道郭沫若创作这些诗时精神上和其他诗人一样,都是极其焦虑失望的,因为考察郭沫若这些诗歌,可以发现其最大的共同特征是几乎都创作于初期。而经进一步研究发现,此时郭沫若恰值精神陷入危机之时。处在人生迷惘和痛苦之时,郭沫若与基督教接触了,尤其是在认识基督教徒佐藤富子后,他开始读《圣经》和创世神话,并对其中的大部分内容都很欣赏。出于寻求精神安慰的目的和受之于情人方面的感染和影响,这期间他对基督教是虔诚而有一定程度上的信仰的。对此段时间所受的影响,郭沫若曾说过:“民国五、六年的时候,正是我彷徨不定而且最危险的时候,有时候想去当和尚。每天只把庄子和王阳明和《新旧约全书》当作日课诵读,清早和晚上又要静坐。”[15](P270)这段经历与感悟所积累的基督教观念和知识对郭沫若的创作产生了极为重要和明显的影响,不少论者也已探讨过基督教提供给郭沫若小说、戏剧创作的题材、意象、结构等方面的启发和影响,[16]而对其诗歌受基督教文化的影响则极少关注。是郭诗中缺乏吗?当然不是,那么回到最初的疑问,笔者以为郭沫若诗中的白色之所以和其他诗人笔下的白色不同,最根本的原因即在于郭沫若诗中的白色具有浓郁的基督教文化色彩,是他内心爱的表达。郭沫若编选的《辛夷集》宛如一个寂寥清空的白色世界,其序(序文原是作者献给爱人的圣诞礼物,这一点颇需注意,圣诞节在西方指的是耶稣基督降生的日子,作为礼物,诗人应是以仰视神的感情来写此诗的。他后来把第一部诗集定名为《女神》,与此可谓关系密切。)以镜海、雪白的砂岸、白绢、白衣、素罗、百合、辛夷等一系列白色意象表达了对爱人的圣洁纯净的爱。

诗中对少女形象的描写俨然一位圣洁的天使,尤其是诗歌最后少女救活鱼的行为极易让人把她和救万事万物于水火的耶稣联系起来,从而使诗中的白色具有一种神圣的宗教情感,表现出他对安娜的感激与颂扬之情。白色是郭沫若内心爱意的表达。陈梦家出生于牧师家庭,自称是一个“牧师的好儿子”(《我是谁》),从孩童时代起就接受新教家庭的教育,后来曾到燕京大学神学院学习过。这种家庭氛围和学习经历对他的诗歌有着很大的影响,方玮德在《铁马集》序言中有过细致评述:“我知道梦家的先人以及他的外家都是有名的景教牧师,这是对于他极其有影响的。他自己并不皈依基督教,然而在他的诗里,处处可以透出这方面潜伏的气息,因这气息便觉得他的诗有说不出的完美,有无上内涵的智慧。”[17](P6)他的《我是谁》、《圣诞歌》、《叮当歌》、《昧爽》、《当初》等诗,可以说都是一种宗教情怀、心境的抒写和宗教文化的流露,诗中的白色具有浓郁的基督教文化意味。《昧爽》诗中描写天使和神人一色的衣裳是雪白的羽毛,十二岁的基督戴的是白光,和他的白色的小羊讲故事,既展现了基督教对白色的推重,也洋溢着一种浓郁的、美好的象征意味。他的《当初》由《鸿蒙》删改而成,乳白色照耀全篇。康丁斯基(Kandinsky)称“白色为非物,存在于开始之前、出生之前”。[18](P123)在《当初》这首诗中诗人开篇以一片混沌的白色来描写出生之前的环境,白色一开始就被赋予了初始的意味,代表了美好的开始。“在没有颜色的当中,它是美。”在陈梦家看来,白色是美的,而诗人也是白色的,是“乳白色间的一点”,这就流露出对生命的赞美之情。白色的亮光诗人认为是主的神光,诗人出生后房间里的一切也都是白色的:天花板、摇篮、窗帘、母亲的胸脯、日光,以致认为和未出生时的环境是一模一样的,点出了爱的永恒存在的象征意义。这之中爱的内涵是多层次的,既有上帝之爱、天地之爱、自然之爱,也有母亲、父亲之爱,深刻的传达了基督教的“宇宙的动因就是爱”这一文化内涵。诗人把“纯白色”、“爱”想像成是母亲微微的、深深的呼吸,是父亲祈祷里的神光,是“我”天使般飞升的凭借,是“我”生命的泉源,也是引诱“我”的梦。可以说,白色普照全诗,爱意也充满每一句诗中。基督教的“爱”本来是一种超验的情感,诗人在此以可视的白色将我们带入到了一种“爱”的温馨之中,可感而动人。现代诗人对色彩有自己独特的喜好,无论是郭沫若的喜白、戴望舒的尚青,还是艾青的黑黄对立、延安诗人群的对红色的渲染,他们都把自己的艺术个性和文化濡染渗透进了色彩之中,使得色彩不仅仅只是一种形式美的表达,而且具有了多重的文化内涵,既大大提升了色彩的表现力,也扩大了诗歌的审美内涵,这无疑对于诗歌具有重要的意义。

作者:司真真 单位:南京大学

篇9

冠心病系冠状动脉粥样硬化导致心肌缺血、缺氧而引起的心脏病。属于中医胸痹、心痛的范畴,其中阴寒凝滞型冠心病属于西医不稳定型心绞痛,为内科急症,其发病急,病情多变且凶险,易恶化为真心痛(心肌梗死),所以,对于该型的精心护理十分重要。

本型主因为素体心气不足或心阳不振,阴寒之邪乘虚侵袭,寒凝胸中,痹阻胸阳,或寒痰互结,心脉受阻,气血瘀滞而成,主症为卒然心痛如绞,心痛彻背,心悸,胸闷气短,重则喘息不得卧,多因气候骤冷或骤感风寒而发病或加重,伴形寒肢冷,甚则手足不温,冷汗自出,面色苍白,苔薄白,脉沉紧或沉细。

在急性发作期应以消除疼痛为首要任务,缓解心绞痛的发作,减少或避免急性心肌梗死及并发症的发生,是该型护理的重要环节。近年来,该型冠心病发病者较多,我们注重中医护理,积累了一些经验,现将中医护理要则总结如下。

一般护理:护理原则为通阳祛寒开痹。①立即持续吸氧,应用鼻塞法,流量5~6L/分,疼痛减轻或消失后可将氧流量减少到3~4L/分,维持1~2日;②遵医嘱给予复方丹参滴丸或速效救心丸10粒,舌下含服。疼痛剧烈者,可遵医嘱给予度冷丁或吗啡肌肉注射以镇静止痛;③急性期给予心电监护,定期测血压、脉搏、呼吸,做好记录。特别是在静脉滴注硝酸甘油时,要调整好滴速,密切观察血压变化;④密切观察心绞痛发作的诱因、发作的次数、典型症状、伴随症状,持续时间、疼痛程度,以及神色、汗出、尿量、脉搏。做好详细记录以供医生参考;⑤在救治的同时,应注意病人的防寒保暖,切忌受冷,尤其在天气骤冷或阴雨之日,应及时增添衣被,若畏寒甚,则可适当提高室温或放置热水袋,以缓解患者疼痛及畏寒症状。进行各项治疗护理时尽量少暴露患者;⑥病情重者应绝对卧床休息,气短、喘息不能平卧者取半卧位。保持病室整洁安静,室内空气新鲜,光线适宜,禁止大声喧哗。注意保暖,急性期谢绝探视,使患者保持正常休息及睡眠;⑦本病常在夜间发作,必须加强夜间巡视,发现有发作先兆时,可预防性用药。若患者出现胸痛剧烈,呼吸急促、面色苍白、四肢厥冷、唇甲发绀、表情淡漠、大汗淋漓、脉微欲绝等,立即报告医生,并配合医生做好抢救工作;⑧急性期绝对卧床休息2周,患者翻身、洗漱、饮食、大小便应有护理人员协助进行,避免过多搬动患者,病情趋向稳定后,可在床上进行肢体被动运动,第3周在床边活动,第4周在室内活动,4周后可鼓励患者适度运动;⑨护士应指导患者定时大便,训练在床上大小便,克服心理障碍,便秘者适当应用缓泻剂。避免大便时用力过大,以免导致猝死。

传统中医疗法:症状较重者可采取用传统中医疗法。①针灸疗法:针刺内关穴(双),中等刺激。灸檀中、关元穴;②点穴按摩法:点按上脘、中脘、下脘、神阙、关元、心俞、厥阴俞或背部压痛点;③药物穴位外贴法:按中医脏腑经络学说,外用而应内。药物:丹参、水蛭、血竭、当归、肉桂各5g细磨为粉,贴于膻中(两连线中点),外用胶布固定,每日1次。功效:温阳散寒活血通脉;④温水足浴疗法:嘱患者早晚用温水(40~50℃)泡脚1次,水量宜达踝部以上10cm处,每次10~20分钟,可促进血液循环。

篇10

关键词:铝合金;熔化极半自动焊接;打底焊;节能增效;对比试验 文献标识码:A

中图分类号:TG457 文章编号:1009-2374(2015)03-0091-03 DOI:10.13535/ki.11-4406/n.2015.0237

带不锈钢衬垫的铝合金半自动打底焊接工艺技术是我公司在生产过程中发现并总结的一套全新的技术,该技术在铝制压力容器制造最后一道封闭的环焊缝中应用具有极大的优势。其首次开发并应用在杭州杭氧低温液化公司制造的RS801~RS803等系列厚板压力容器筒体对接环焊缝打底焊接作业,效果显著,一次合格率很高,经总结归纳,该新技术已申报发明专利。因此验证该工艺方法焊缝机械性能,掌握其特点,有效发挥优点,控制不足之处,推广该项重要技术发明,突破传统手工钨极氩弧焊在不锈钢衬垫打底焊作业的单一方法,对生产节能降耗、降低劳动强度、减少成本具有重要

作用。

1 试验目的

目前铝合金板材的不锈钢垫板打底焊接技术工艺不足之处:不锈钢衬垫单面坡口焊接常常应用在容器封头与筒体、筒体与筒体组合的环焊缝。铝合金熔点不高,液态流动性良好,因此对打底焊接技术要求非常严格,焊枪角度和焊接速度控制等技能水平的高低对打底焊接质量有重要影响。电流过大、焊枪角度太过垂直、熔池停留时间过长,都将造成不锈钢衬垫击穿或焊缝内咬边缺陷。对一些较厚大的铝合金板材,应用手工钨极氩弧焊打底焊需要采用氧乙炔火焰加热,否则很难熔化母材,熔池不易形成,给焊接作业带来困难。如果应用传统的手工钨极氩弧焊,不但消耗大量的能源,而且焊接质量并不稳定,极易造成咬边和垫板击穿等现象。新MIG打底焊是为了克服原有技术存在的不足,而提供一种能避免不锈钢衬垫击穿或者击伤,有效解决打底焊内部质量不稳定等问题,提高一次成型合格率,提高生产效率,降低能源消耗,缩短生产周期,大大降低生产成本的铝合金板材的不锈钢衬垫半自动打底焊接

方法。

2 新MIG打底焊工艺介绍

新工艺方法如下:将铝合金板材以及焊缝底部紧贴的不锈钢衬垫一起倾斜放置于与水平地面成10°~30°角度的平面上,焊接时,将焊枪垂直工件表面后倾斜约10°~20°(即与铝合金板材表面夹角100°~120°),如图1所示。焊枪嘴在母材根部两侧左右Z字形摆动,至下而上焊接,并合理控制施焊停止点作用在两侧母材根部,使之充分熔化,如图2所示。在坡口两侧Z字形摆动过程中,焊枪电弧在两侧母材之间跨越时不得停顿,避免电弧与不锈钢衬垫接触时间太长导致不锈钢衬垫被击穿;铝合金板材以及铝合金板材下紧贴不锈钢衬垫构成的工件倾斜向上,熔敷金属在重力和保护气流的作用下,从工件母材两侧停顿点自然形成熔池,在中间汇聚向下流淌在不锈钢衬垫表面凝固成形,焊枪前端未融化母材可以清晰展现,以便焊工掌握焊枪速度。

所述的铝合金板材厚度须达10mm以上,采用的是熔化极半自动焊接的坡口焊缝,尤其在最后一道封闭焊缝中,采用不锈钢衬垫工艺措施发挥的效果更加显著;坡口设计60°~70°或U型,无钝边,焊缝底部间隙为4~5mm,并且不锈钢衬垫紧贴于坡口底部。

3 新工艺工装要求

采用该MIG方法在不锈钢衬垫上进行打底焊接时,我们分别将间隙控制在2mm和5mm进行试验做了对比,对比的结果见图3所示。因此,要求不锈钢衬垫贴实焊缝根部,衬垫离试板或工件底面间隙控制在2mm之内,否则焊接过程焊缝根部生产氧化物从根部间隙飞溅出来,难以清理,尤其是压力容器最后一道封闭环焊缝中,要求容器内部清洁,所以在实际应用别注意冷作装配要求,筒体圆整度,装配错变量要求很高。

4 试验方法

4.1 方案设计

本次试验采用常规的5083-H112镁铝合金,规格12×125×400和25×125×400mm两种。焊缝两端采用引熄弧板,防止试板焊接变形很大。焊缝坡口设计如图4所示:

每一种规格的试板分为两组分别采用TIG和MIG进行施焊,每组5付。

4.2 能耗对比

焊接消耗电能计算方法:Q=U×I×t

12mm试板打底层焊接参数及能耗对比如表1所示:

下面对25mm试板进行同样的方法试验,由于手工钨极氩弧焊需要预热,试验采用乙炔0.07MPa和氧气0.5MPa氧乙炔火焰加热,实际加热时间为12min。所得焊接参数如表2。

25mm试板打底层焊接参数及能耗对比如表2所示:

表2数据显示每道次采用TIG方法焊接所损耗的电能约为MIG的3倍。焊接速度上TIG打底焊所用时间更长约为MIG的1.5倍。本次完成12mm厚试板采用MIG施焊4道,TIG施焊3道。25mm厚试板采用MIG施焊7道,TIG施焊5道,新MIG工艺约为TIG工艺的1/2。除此之外,厚板TIG打底焊工艺所用的氧乙炔预热能耗计算,假设每50m焊缝手工氩弧焊加热所用乙炔98元/瓶、氧气19元/瓶约各一瓶,合计117元。它打破手工钨极氩弧焊在不锈钢衬垫打底作业的单一模式,采用半自动打底焊接利用其喷射过渡形式的优点,对厚大工件来说,无需外部加温预热来提高焊接熔池生成速率,与传统手工钨极氩弧焊相比,能耗成本低,从节能经济性比较,新工艺采用的MIG焊接方法在能源损耗上具有明显的优势,材料越厚,效果越好。

4.3 焊缝一次射线合格率对比

试板经过射线检测发现,这两种焊接方法,其内部合格率都非常高。但从实践应用过程中统计,新工艺采用的MIG打底焊对带衬垫的单面焊焊缝根部发生内咬边和衬垫击穿概率大大降低,在射线检测结果中这些缺陷几乎不存在,该方法利用焊道与水平面的角度合理设置,保证了熔池在重力作用下不会掩盖焊道根部未融化母材,避免了假焊、根部咬边缺陷,有效提高射线检测一次合格率。还有焊枪与焊道夹角合理设置及特殊的焊枪运动轨迹,保证了打底焊接背面成型质量,防止不锈钢衬垫受热时间过长被电弧击穿的可能,使得闭环焊缝背部衬垫击穿的可能性降到最低,几乎为零。而传统的带不锈钢衬垫TIG打底焊过程人为影响因素太多,难以保证。这在产品焊缝射线检测统计数据中得到证实。

本次试验,12mm试板TIG工艺出现内咬边缺陷长度15mm,其他试板均达到GB/T4730-2005标准II要求。

4.4 焊缝机械性能对比

12mmMIG和TIG试样机械性能合格率对比如表3

所示:

5083-H112的抗拉强度δ=275MPa,从表3对两种方法所得数据进行对比,对于12mm薄板来说,TIG焊接试板抗拉强度普遍满足要求,机械性能试验合格利率相比MIG半自动焊接,其抗拉强度更高。而MIG半自动焊接试板强度有两个不合格项,在面弯和背弯性能测试中,相比TIG单面焊工艺,MIG单面焊多数未能达到合格标准,从焊缝横截面可以看出,MIG单面焊密集微型气孔数量较多有关,由于板材焊缝较薄,根部气孔缺陷数量和大小所占比例较高,对试件弯曲影响较大。所以,12mm薄板理化试验结果表明,TIG手工钨极氩弧焊工艺机械性能比MIG更好。

25mmMIG和TIG试样机械性能对比如表4所示:

25mm试板理化数据从表4得知其结果和表3形成鲜明对比,虽然TIG手工钨极氩弧焊工艺,试板抗拉强度仍然略高于MIG半自动打底焊接工艺。但在面弯和背完性能测试中,MIG半自动打底焊完胜TIG手工钨极氩弧焊工艺的机械性能。由于厚板根部密集气孔缺陷在厚板焊缝金属横截面中所占比例很小,气孔造成的影响可以忽略不记。此时焊接热输入对焊缝性能影响占主要原因,TIG手工钨极氩弧焊焊前需要预热,焊接过程电流大,热输入高,合金烧损严重,晶粒粗化,焊缝金属组织韧性下降,导致焊缝弯曲性能不合格。

5 结语

带不锈钢衬垫的铝合金MIG打底焊接工艺打破了传统的手工钨极氩弧焊在不锈钢衬垫打底焊接的唯一性。尤其在较厚铝合金板材的焊接中具有高效、高质量、低成本等优点,在压力容器最后一道环焊缝中,只能采用单面焊接工艺来完成时,它能极大降低劳动强度,缩短制造周期,保证底部焊接质量,从时间、物料、能源、人力上全面降低生产成本。通过模拟带不锈钢衬垫铝合金MIG单面焊接工艺,将新工艺和传统的TIG手工钨极氩弧焊打底焊通过实验对比,总结如下:(1)新工艺能有效改善、避免单面打底焊接中常常出现的垫板击穿和内咬边缺陷,提高了产品焊缝一次射线检测合格率;(2)新工艺采用了MIG半自动焊接方法,焊接速度提高1.5倍以上,考虑MIG焊接每层厚度比TIG小,总的电能损耗约为TIG的1/2;(3)薄板焊接中采用传统的TIG打底焊,焊缝抗拉强度高,弯曲性能更好,新的MIG打底焊工艺在厚板单面焊中无需另外采用氧乙炔加热,且在机械性能上比传统TIG焊接优良;(4)新工艺方法在应用别注意不锈钢衬垫贴紧工件焊缝底部,保证间隙在2mm以下,以免MIG打底焊氧化物生成,使得筒体内部飞溅物粘着,影响产品内部清洁度。这对冷作工装、筒体圆度和焊缝错变量提出了更高的要求。

综上所述,该带不锈钢衬垫的铝合金MIG单面打底焊工艺适用于材料厚度大于10mm以上的零件,而且越厚效果越明显。为了能达到优质焊缝,焊前的冷作工装技术必须高标准、严要求执行。这样才能极大地发挥新工艺的优点,切实对生产带来便利。

参考文献

[1] 中国机械工程学会焊接学会.焊接手册:第2卷(第3版)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.