本科毕业论文英文十篇

时间:2023-03-23 10:18:46

本科毕业论文英文

本科毕业论文英文篇1

关键词 英语专业 毕业论文 创新

中图分类号:G64 文献标识码:A

A Tentative Study of the Dissertation Innovation of English Undergraduate

PAN Qinfen

(College of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023)

AbstractThe current situation of the English undergraduate dissertation is not so satisfying. The main problems include the lack of innovation in choosing the topic and the related materials, the lack of logic in organizing the structure, the lack of fluency in using the language and the inconsistence of the format. This paper mainly discusses the possibility of dissertation innovation of the English undergraduate from the viewpoint, material, and the form and suggests that the innovation ability of the English undergraduate be developed through the cooperative work of the authorities, the teachers, the student staff as well as the students.

Key wordsEnglish major students; dissertation; innovation

毕业论文写作是英语专业培养计划中必不可少的实践环节,也是《中华人民共和国学位条例》规定的大学本科教育的必要环节,可以考察学生的综合能力,评估其学业成绩,其主体实践者是学生。从论文的选题,可以考察学生在专业知识领域的创新能力,从论文的结构,可以考察学生的逻辑思维能力,从论文的写作,可以考察学生的基本语言能力。毕业论文也是考察教师教学成败的有效手段,是最为直观的检测教学成果的方式。

毕业论文是展示学生创新能力的一个重要窗口。早在2000年制定的高等学校英语专业《英语教学大纲》(以下简称《大纲》),就已经十分重视学生能力的培养,把创新能力作为重中之重来强调。在人才培养目标中,明确提出要注重培养学生“获取知识的能力、独立思考的能力和创新的能力”。对于毕业论文,“评分时除了考虑语言表达能力外,还应把独立见解和创新意识作为重要依据。”《高校外语专业教育发展报告(1978-2008)》也指出“切实提高学生的英语语言技能,有效改进教学方法,着力培养他们的创新能力是今后数年摆在英语专业面前的主要任务。”

1 英语专业本科毕业论文现状

毕业论文作为一项系统工程,历时长,跨度大,包括选题、申报、开题、初稿、修改、定稿、评阅、答辩、归档等环节,在教师指导学生毕业论文写作的过程中,常常会遇到诸如选题鲜有新意、材料拼拼凑凑、结构不甚合理、语言错误百出、格式不一而同等问题。究其原因,不难看出,除了语言因素,逻辑思维能力、创新能力的欠缺,仍是英语专业本科毕业论文存在的主要问题。除此之外,没有围绕所学知识进行相关的实践活动,或者说没有理论联系实际,也是造成毕业论文人云亦云,没有新意的一个原因。没有心得,当然不可能写出有新意的文章。最后的结果是,毕业论文成了他人观点的堆砌和拼凑。对学生来说,毕业论文成了没有办法、仓促应付的环节。而对于指导教师来说,毕业论文成了费时、费力,却收效甚微的教学环节。这不符合《大纲》中关于重视学生能力培养的精神。

2 英语专业本科毕业论文的创新

在高等学校外语专业本科教学评估方案(征求意见第三稿)中,学生的毕业论文被划入到了检验教学效果下的反映学生创新能力的一栏里。可见,毕业论文不该只是资料的整理和重排,而应该反映学生对相关问题的一定的独立见解和创新。毕业论文在内容上可以有所创新。论文所讨论的“相关问题”能反映社会和时代特征,具有理论价值或实践意义,这是创新。从不同视角、不同观点来讨论毕业论文中的“相关问题”,这也是创新。毕业论文写作中使用实践中新发现的材料,这同样也是创新。

不仅如此,毕业论文在形式上也可以有所创新。根据不同类型高校的英语专业、不同专业方向、不同层次的学生,可以尝试不同形式的毕业论文。毕业论文的新模式是对课程改革的延伸。以翻译方向为例,翻译课改的直接好处是学生参与大量的翻译社会实践活动,获得第一手材料。而毕业论文形式上的创新正是以大量的翻译实践活动为基础,使学生有机会学以致用,理论联系实际,杜绝了抄袭的现象。

对于翻译硕士专业学位论文的撰写形式,教育部学位办[2007]78 号文件对《翻译硕士专业学位研究生指导性培养方案》有以下规定,MTI 学位论文除了研究论文形式外,还可以采用项目、实验报告等形式。项目主要指学生在导师的指导下选择中外文本进行翻译,字数不少于10000 字,并根据译文就翻译问题写出不少于5000 字的研究报告。实验报告指学生在导师的指导下就口译或笔译的某个环节展开实验,并就实验结果进行分析,写出不少于10000 字的实验报告。

那么,本科学生的毕业论文是否也可以借鉴以上的两种形式呢?以浙江工业大学为例,英语专业的高年级段开设有翻译理论与实践(英汉、汉英互译)、口译、实用翻译等翻译方向课程,翻译课程已形成体系,而且翻译理论与实践(英汉、汉英互译)课和口译课都进行了教学改革。此外,我校英语专业学生还有短学期做翻译大型练习的传统,每年有“翻译大赛”, 暑期有全省英语纠错活动,高年级的同学还成立了翻译社团,积极参与翻译社会实践活动。所有这些,都为学生毕业论文新模式的尝试提供了扎实的基础。

3 实现创新的举措

有一个现象值得大家反思:有些同学学习成绩不错,但毕业论文却写得不怎么样。究其原因,主要还是创新能力不足。因此,要实现毕业论文的创新,首先必须培养学生的创新能力。而创新能力的培养,除了学生自身的努力,还需要教学管理者、论文指导教师、学工人员的联动配合。

3.1 从教学管理者层面

首先,教学管理者要根据《大纲》要求,合理制定培养计划中的课程及专业实践设置。课程设置可以针对培养目标进行拓展,增加社会科学、自然科学等领域的知识,以拓宽学生知识面,激发学生的学术研究热情,培养学生的思辨能力和创新能力。专业实践设置要以课程为基础,可以针对各个方向课程设置短学期大型作业或者专项社会实践活动,增强学生运用知识的能力,并允许学生以社会实践活动为素材,开展毕业论文的撰写。其次,要加强对毕业论文指导教师的选拔,推进导师制的实施,并且严格控制指导学生人数,保证指导时间和指导质量。建议在大三年级实行导师制,根据学生的兴趣和爱好,选取相应学科的导师,在专业知识及相关课程上予以指导。第三,要开展各种学术交流活动,使学生有机会拓宽视角,开阔眼界,形成良好的学术氛围。

3.2 从教师层面

授课教师要改变传统的教学模式、考试模式,改进教学方法,利用现代化的教学手段,倡导自主学习、研究型学习,采用开放式、合作式、发现式、研究式等教学模式,激发学生的学习兴趣,提高他们的逻辑思维能力和创新能力。除此之外,论文指导教师还要加强自身的学术修养,熟悉学术前沿,引导学生开展毕业论文的创新。

3.3 从学工层面

学生工作管理者要积极配合专业,开展丰富多彩的第二课堂活动。通过让学生成为老师的教学助手、科研助手等形式,锻炼学生的能力。要积极动员学生参加学校的大学生科技创新活动。并把课外实践、研究、创新等活动纳入综合考评体系,鼓励学生进行创新。

除了创新能力的培养,为推进学生毕业论文创新,还要做好毕业论文的动员、组织和指导工作。各院校的英语专业要设立毕业论文领导小组,制定工作细则,完善规章制度,解决疑难问题。在毕业论文撰写的过程中要根据实际情况,适当调整论文进程,尽量减少学生的考研、专八考试、实习、求职等对毕业论文的影响,保证学生有充裕的时间查找资料,与指导教师进行面对面的交流,并选取自己感兴趣而又切实可行的方向或选题。为避免毕业论文选题重复,缺乏新意,还要严把选题关。可以公布近几年的学生论文题目,要求学生不得重复选题,在此基础上,再请指导教师、学科方向负责人等把关,督促学生开展毕业论文创新。除此之外,对论文的评定也要做到科学、合理。要注重学生论文写作的过程,把论文开题报告和文献综述、论文写作和修改以及答辩情况等纳入学生毕业论文成绩评定体系,以保证论文的质量和创新。

4 结语

英语专业毕业论文的创新,是撰写毕业论文的意义所在,为此,广大外语教师和英语专业学生付出了很多努力。英语专业毕业论文无论在视角上、观点上、材料上还是在形式上,都可以创新。培养学生的创新能力,需要教学管理者、教师、学生工作管理者和学生四者联动,缺一不可。在强调毕业论文创新的过程中,指导教师有时也会面临各种困惑。比如“如何衡量本科学生毕业论文的创新”,“创新能力与语言能力哪个更为重要”。要解决这些困惑,需要我们外语教育工作者不断地探索并为之做出不懈的努力。

本文为浙江工业大学教学改革项目JG0836研究成果

参考文献

[1]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组高等学校专业英语教学大纲[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.

本科毕业论文英文篇2

[关键词]英语本科;毕业论文;评估主体;职业道德

[中图分类号]G642 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1671-5918(2016)05-0149-02

一、关于职业道德修养

职业道德指的是从事某种职业的人在履行职业责任过程中必须遵循的操守、准则。职业道德是从业者的一种内在心理意识和信念,是在长期从业的过程中形成的自我约束机制,在行业内起着良好的导向作用。职业道德修养是从业者根据自身的职业特点接受锻炼、教育以及陶冶的提高和完善过程,有他律的一面,但更多的是自律。

一名教师的职业道德修养程度不但关系该教师的教学和科研水平,而且还会在一定程度上直接或间接地影响着学生的思想和行为。同志在北京师范大学建校一百周年时指出,教师应当“志存高远,爱国敬业;为人师表,教书育人;严谨笃学,与时俱进”。同志曾号召,要做“有理想信念、有道德情操、有扎实学识、有仁爱之心”的教师。

英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德修养更多的体现为他们的自律行为。而自律就是他们在结合英语本科毕业论文评估工作特点而进行自我锻炼、自我教育和自我陶冶行为和意识。评价和衡量英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德修养,不能只是凭借几个量化的指标,而是要依靠一些可以触及良心、道德甚至是灵魂深处的正确理念和积极导向。一名具备高尚职业道德的英语本科毕业论文评估人员,其评估毕业论文的行为一定是积极乐观、一丝不苟的,评估结果也一定是真实可靠、公平公正、心安理得和问心无愧的。

二、关于英语本科毕业论文的评估主体

评估英语本科毕业论文通常需要六个步骤,分别是确立评估标准、选聘评估主体、将论文交给评估主体、评估主体进行评估、评估结果反馈、对答辩的评估。在这六个步骤中,除了确立评估标准和选聘评估人员这两个步骤之外,其余步骤均与评估主体密切相关,评估主体的重要作用不言而喻。

评估毕业论文首先要解决的三个问题是“谁来评”、“评什么”和“怎么评”。确定评估主体实际上就是解决了“谁来评”的问题。

对于一个好的评估主体来说,各成员之间的年龄、学历、专业、性别等结构应该是合理的。黄猛和雷银生等人认为,一个好的毕业论文评估主体应该由开题小组、指导教师、评阅老师以及答辩小组构成。

开题小组负责评估选题的价值、研究方法、论证的逻辑,并给出修改和完善的建议。指导教师负责评估论文的技术和非技术含量。评阅教师负责阅读和评价论文定稿。答辩小组负责评估口头答辩。

三、英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德现状

蒋桂芳总结说,当前我国高校教师在职业道德方面存在着这样的一些问题:(1)政治信念不坚定。(2)缺乏敬业精神。(3)不能为人师表。(4)缺乏育人观念。(5)治学不严谨。

作为高校教师队伍中的一个群体,英语本科毕业论文评估主体也存在着蒋桂芳提到的职业道德问题。针对毕业论文评估这一工作,英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德问题还突出地表现在这样的几个方面:(1)不能正确、客观地看待毕业论文,对毕业论文本身的重要性存在错误的认识或认识不到位,不能按时、规范地评估毕业论文,有的时候还会带着情绪开展评估工作。(2)不愿意主动学习、钻研测试及评估领域的重要知识和理论,评估毕业论文时主观性随意性太强,打出的成绩往往经不起同行的推敲,可解释性不强,有的时候甚至无法说服学生。(3)评估主体各成员之间在评估的过程中往往各自为阵,缺乏应有的衔接与沟通,更谈不上有效的团队协作。

四、英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德对评估工作的影响

①对学生的影响。从开题到答辩,英语本科毕业论文的评估是一个动态的过程。这种“动态”特征意味着学生在前一个阶段做得不好的地方可以通过自身的努力在后一个阶段得到弥补。在这种动态评估中,评估主体的职业道德意识对学生的影响会更大。往小的方面说,如果评估人员的职业道德意识差,那么他所给定的评估结果很有可能是随意的、不可靠的、不公正的,其评估结果会打击或挫伤学生的积极性,让其对下一阶段将要完成的任务以及将要接受的评估心生恐惧,进而对自己开展的研究以及原本打算采取的一些弥补措施散失信心。往大的方面说,如果评估人员的职业道德意识差,在评估工作中给学生留下的都是不好的印象,带给学生的将是一些消极的、阴暗的记忆,会给学生的人生观、世界观甚至是毕业后的学习、生活和工作等造成很多负面的影响。②对评估信度的影响。一般来说,评估主体的职业道德意识越强,评估的态度就会越端正。评估的态度越端正,评估的过程就会越认真。评估的过程越认真,评估的精确度就会越高。评估的精确度越高,评估结果的可靠程度也就会越高。③对其他评估主体的影响。评估英语本科毕业论文是开题小组、指导教师、评阅教师以及答辩小组共同的工作。只有各方人员通力协作,评估才能得以顺利完成。如果各评估小组的职业道德意识都很强,那么各个评估环节就会有一个很好的衔接。相反,只要评估主体任何一方的职业道德意识淡薄,就会影响到其他评估主体的评估活动,致使评估活动无法有序、顺畅地进行。更为严重的是,职业道德意识淡薄的一方所表现出的不端正的态度和不靠谱的行为有时候会影响到职业道德意识强的一方,让其他原本很好的另一方在思想和意识上受到动摇。

本科毕业论文英文篇3

一、英语毕业论文教学存在的问题 

本科院在毕业论文方面存在一些问题,存在几个方面的不协调,主要是在管理、评价、导师和学生四个方面存在问题。 

(一)管理方面存在的问题 

通常情况下,学校制定的工作条例和制度是不全面、不细致的,执行过程中也不严格、不规范和难以落实。也就是说学校在指导教学方面没有明确的具体的规定和要求,教师仅仅凭借自己的感觉教导学生。管理方面主要的问题有三:一是缺少明确的毕业论文管理条例来体现英语的专业特点;二是毕业论文管理机构不健全,成员的职责分工不明确;三是没有行之有益有效的质量监控程序。 

(二)评价方面存在的问题 

毕业论文需要论文评价体系,用以解决评价主体、评价标准、论文答辩和质量要求等方面存在的问题。评价主体是关于学生的学历、职称、能力和责任心等方面的问题,在这方面学生的答案参差不齐,评价结果的可信度也很难确定。评价标准是关于评价论文时的评价标准难以统一,导致评价者很难用细致科学合理的量化角度评价论文,致使评价者的评价结果还是真正的公平公正,不能客观真实的反映学生的毕业论文的层次和水平。还有教师出于种种考虑,勉强让学生通过,这样的教育方式过度宽容和迁就,这给学生造成了负面影响和错误暗示,会让学生有不用努力学习,通过抄袭就可以顺利通过的侥幸心理。 

(三)导师方面存在的问题 

毕业论文是大多数学生一生中第一次接触学术研究工作,对每个学生都有重大的意义,使得教师对毕业生关于毕业论文方面的指导尤为重要。但是教师方面却存在一些问题。首先,教师在指导学生毕业论文方面投入的精力少,没有从根本上重视毕业论文的教育工作。其次,大多数教师自身的教学任务繁重,再加上学校缺乏专门用于毕业论文指导的经费和师资,主要是学校对毕业论文的指导教学缺少重视,投入极少。最后,指导教师自身的知识结构老化、思想观念陈旧乏味,教师难以用科学合理的方法和创新趣味的理念引导和启发学生。在课堂上,教师存在的主要问题是教学过程过度强调基本理论和基本方法的介绍和讲解,但是缺少对个案的分析或实践的开展,导致很多学生表面上理解和吸收了知识,但是在毕业论文进行研究时,依然不知所措。 

(四)学生方面存在的问题 

学生方面的问题很多。第一,思想上不重视毕业论文,认识不到位。第二,基础的知识、理论和技能等应具备的掌握的不扎实。第三,缺乏对选题的科学领域的深入了解,没有正解认识和理解题目的要求。第四,学生难以独立高效地分析和解决问题。第五,学生对自己的要求低,只求能够通过,而且学生没有探索知识的欲望,往往思想陈旧,缺乏创新能力。每部第六,学生的感性认识强,但是缺乏理性的归纳概括和分析总结。学生在选题时太过盲目,随大流,有的学生摇摆不定,常常更换自己的选题,有的学生太草率,没有经过研究和思考,有的学生选择的题目与自己的专业无关,或者题目太大,给人的感觉是不知所云。 

二、撰写英语毕业论文教学的对策 

(一)加强思想教育 

加强学生在毕业论文撰写方面的认识,让他们了解到毕业论文的重要性、严谨性和规范性,还要加强对学生的诚信教育,防止抄袭行为的出现,教学生认真做事、诚信做人。 

加强指导教师的自身认识,加强他们的业务素质培养,真正领会英语毕业论文的写作规范,教学生撰写论文的同时教他们诚信做人。 

(二)加强对毕业论各个环节的指导教育 

调整论文撰写辅导的时间和形式。以往是在第七学期开学举行毕业论文讲座,但是论文是在十二月份开始撰写,相隔时间较长,难有实际效果,不过是走过场,内容太多,学生收效甚微。因此,学校作出了调整,把撰写过程分为收集资料、选定题目、撰写报告、规范格式、参考文献和文献综述这六个部分。教师根据具体情况选择适当的时间对学生进行辅导,帮助他们解决撰写过程中的问题,从而提高论文质量。 

(三)加强完善毕业论文质量监督 

建立一个健全的毕业论文质量管理体系,监控学生论文写作的质量和教师论文指导的质量。主要是在论文准备阶段、论文写作过程、论文写作中期和论文评估体系这四个方面的监控管理。 

(四)加强外文书籍的资料建设 

英语论文离不开参考文献,外文的参考文献对学生的写作会起到很大的作用。学校应该为学生建立外文图书资源库,加强资料室方面的投入。 

三、结束语 

综上所述,要提高学生毕业论文的质量,要从思想上重视对毕业论文的撰写,加强对学生在论文写作方面的指导,提高学生的英语基础和英语写作技巧,加强有关部门对撰写论文的各环节的监控管理,以及加强外文书籍资料产投入,来保证学生能够写出有深度有新意有质量的英语毕业论文。 

参考文献: 

[1]盛国强,周永模.英语专业本科毕业论文存在问题的分析和对策[J].上海海洋大学学报,2011(04):42-45. 

本科毕业论文英文篇4

2. Current situation and features of company website translation 2

2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2

2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3

2.3 Features of company website translation 4

3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6

3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6

3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8

   3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8

   3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9

   3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10

4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13

4.1 Functional translation errors 13

   4.1.1 Problem of length 13

   4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15

4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16

   4.2.1 Spelling errors 16

   4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17

   4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17

   4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18

4.3 Cultural translation errors 19

5. Conclusion 20

Acknowledgements 21

References 22

1.Introduction

Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.

And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.

2. Current situation and features of company website translation

In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.

2.1 Current situation of company website translation

Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.

Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.

However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.

Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.

2.2 Samples of famous foreign website

There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.

Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.

Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.

(heritage.coca-cola.com/)

Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.

The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.

    Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)

 As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.

2.3 Features of company website translation   

First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules.  Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.

Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.

Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.

At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.

3. The Skopos theory and company website translation

 

 A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.

3.1 Introduction of skopos theory

The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.

Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.

It requires that a good translation be:

[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;

[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;

[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;

[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed; 

[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;

[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;

.

3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory

During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.

3.2.1 Functional translation errors

Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .

Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.

The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.

3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors

Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳头产品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳头产品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].

Example[3]: 三十年纺织品和服装出口经验,质量第一,信誉第一,友情第一,重合同,守信用,始终如一。(ex.cn)

Original version:Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.

Revised version:The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.

Example[4]: 集“中国驰名商标”、“中国名牌”、“国家免检产品”和“国家出口商品免验”等荣誉于一身的特步(中国)有限公司,位于福建省泉州市经济技术开发区。(xtep.com.cn/)

Original version:Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:

Revised version:Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. 

3.2.3 Clutural translation errors

What does the word “culture” mean?As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.

In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.

Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.

Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.

In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.

Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.

As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龙的传人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龙” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龙” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外贸企业为龙头” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.

Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.

Example[5]: 该厂能生产大衣、西装、时装、衬衣、毛衣等不同类型服装用的上千个花色品种的纽扣,产品规格齐全,品种繁多,造型新颖。(lxbutton.com/)

Original version:The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.

Revised version:The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.

It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.

4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province

There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.

4.1 Functional translation errors

4.1.1 Problem of length

The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.

Example [6]: 进入新世纪后,娃哈哈已拥有了雄厚的产品自主研发能力和技术创新能力,在雄厚的资金保障下,通过引进国际最先进的生产设备技术,进行消化、吸收、再创新,使公司拥有强大的核心竞争能力。同时,通过自主开发营养快线等系列创新产品,广开销路,实现科学发展,行业龙头地位日益稳固。目前,娃哈哈正在不断扩大投资规模,不断自主创新,向着世界500强企业的目标阔步前进!(划线部分为错误点)(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)

    Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.

We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再创新”,“自主研发能力和技术创新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:

Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。

Example [7]: 东方机械位于风景秀丽、物产丰富、经济发达、文化繁荣,素有江南“鱼米、皮革之乡”美称的钱塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)

Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish,Rice and Leather",with beautiful scenery,rich products,flourishing economy and prosperous culture.

Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”(we can just delete the underlined part)

Example [8]: 2003年初,公司为满足国内市场对专用车的需要,及时调整产品结构并成立的专用车公司,在做稳、做强客车的同时,投巨资实施专用车项目,精心打造有洛阳宇通特色的专用车产品,本着“低端切人、高端占领”的原则,经过精心筹备,四大系列产品即混凝土搅拌车系列、散装水泥车系列、加油车系列、洒水车系列一经投放市场,便以其全新的设计、优美的造型、细腻的工艺赢得了市场的青睐。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)

Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.

Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.

4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern

In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.

Example [9]: 引进大量的科技管理人才,成立“真爱集团人才联谊会” 形成“重知识,重人才” 的良好气氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)

Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.

Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.

Example  [10]:

(1)医德医风

Medical ethics

(2)全体员工精诚团结,上下一心

All the staffs unite absolute sincerity

(3)上有上策,下有下策,有令不行,有禁不止。

Disobey orders and defy prohibition.

In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“风”. The Chinese“精诚团结”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.

Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“进入饭店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “进入饭店,带来…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.

4.2 Linguistic translation errors

A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).

4.2.1 Spelling errors

Example [11]: 本公司始终坚持以“质量为本,科技创新,优质服务,环保产品”为发展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)

Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.

Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.

Example [12]:“成功电子” 以拥有您的支持而自豪,并有信心通过我们不断的努力使您以使用“成功电子” 产品而骄傲。(chinacgic.com/)

Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.

Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.

4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation

Example[13]: 公司自创办以来,不断扩大规模,更新产品的种类。欢迎各中外客商前来共创商机! (rx-china.com/)

Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.

Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!

Example [14]: 本公司经营的产品广泛用于通讯设备、家用电器、仪器仪表、数码产品行业、电子玩具以及工业自动化设备等各种领域, 在电子行业有很高的声誉。(zszyss.com/)

Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.

Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.

4.2.3 Incorrect word translation

Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘扬、推广中华优秀传统文化和与之相结合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有关部门指定为外交部国礼系列图书国内外主要发行单位之一。(zylp.com/)

Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .

Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Example [16]: 百果园占地面积20 亩,花园式布局,生产车间4800m²,设有原料、粗加工、成品、包装、冷藏、锅炉等生产车间。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)

Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.

Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.

4.2.4 Illogical arrangement

Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.

Example [17]:(本单位)成立于1988年,是经国家建设部批准,专业从事地基与基础工程施工的壹级企业。(richelevator.com/hz/)

Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.

Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.

Example [18]: 公司非常重视对员工队伍素质的培训工作,专门成立了人力资源部,对员工进行操作技术、专业技能、安全生产、市场意识、产品质量等方面的培训。(chinacgic.com/)

Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.

Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.

4.3 Cultural translation errors 

When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.

Example[19]: 公司于2000年顺利通过ISO9001: 2000版国际质量体系认证,形成了一套完整的质量保障体系,2002年11月被中国轻工业质量认证中心授予 “环保陶瓷”称号。(.cn/)

Original version:the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.

  In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版国际质量体系认证,“环保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.

5.Conclusion

It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.

In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.

However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.

Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.

 

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

References

[1] 熊艾莎. 义乌网站英译常见错误及其对策分析 [D]. 义乌工商学院外语系研究生论文, 2006(1).

[2] 何森梅. 从目的论中看中文企业网站的英译策略 [J].黎明职业大学学报, 2008(1).

[3] 韩孟其. 与目的论相悖的企业网页翻译 [J].中国航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版), 2008(109).

[4] Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful activity [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

[5] 梁丁强. 目的论与企业简介的翻译原则及策略-以中国企业的英文简介为例 [D]. 扬州大学英语系研究生论文, 2008.

. Leiden: Brill,1964.

. Retrieved Nov 16, 2007.

[8] Vermeer, H. J. Skopos and Commission in Translational Action [M]. New York: Gardner Press 2000: 221-232.

[9] Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful Activity [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

. New York: Gardner Press,1976.

[12] 张丽玲. 从目的论讨论中英广告翻译中的差异 [D]. 暨南大学硕士学位论文 2007.

[13] 王娜. 从功能翻译理论看中国企业简介的翻译 [D]. 首都师范大学硕士学位论文 2006.

. London: John Murray,1871.

[15] Toury,G. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Shnahgai:Shnahgai  Foreign Language  Education Press,2001.

[16] Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.

[17] Mary, Snell-Hornby. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press, 2004.

[18] 谭载喜. 新编奈达论翻译 [M]. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.

[19] 崔胜湘. 根据目的进行翻译 [D]. 国防科学技术大学 硕士学位论文, 2004.

 

诚 信 承 诺

我谨在此承诺:本人所写的毕业论文《外贸公司网站英译研究之目的论视角》均系本人独立完成,没有抄袭行为,凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料,均作了注释,若有不实,后果由本人承担。

 

本科毕业论文英文篇5

关键词:应用型;英语专业;毕业论文;问题;对策

一、引言

毕业论文在英语专业人才培养过程中起着至关重要的作用。《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》强调,“毕业论文是考察学生综合能力、评估学业成绩的一个重要方式。”[1]11教育部“关于加强普通高等学校毕业设计(论文)工作的通知”(教高厅[2014]14号)也指出,“毕业论文是培养大学生的创新能力、实践能力和创业精神的重要实践环节,也是学生毕业与学位资格认证的重要依据。”因此,“各校要加强对学生撰写毕业论文的指导和评审,使之对学生真正有所裨益,防止流于形式。”[1]11应用型本科院校以应用型人才培养为目标,为毕业论文选题和写作提供了明确的导向。教育部2012年的《本科教学水平合格评估标准》进一步指出,文科专业的毕业论文要有50%左右的选题与实践性、应用性挂钩,该标准为应用型本科院校的毕业论文提出了具体的指标。本文以滨州学院英语专业2014—2016届的毕业论文为研究对象,系统分析毕业论文中存在的问题,并提出相应对策,以提升应用型人才培养目标下英语专业毕业论文质量。

二、存在的问题

《大纲》规定“毕业论文一般应用英语撰写,长度为3000~5000个单词,要求文字通顺、思路清晰、内容充实,有一定的独立见解。评分时除了考虑语言表达能力外,还应把独立见解和创新意识作为重要依据。”[1]11笔者以此为标准,对英语专业2014—2016届的毕业论文进行系统分析,发现主要存在以下问题:

(一)论文选题不当,缺乏新意,应用性不强毕业论文选题要适中,最好能够做到“小题大做”,而部分论文选题过大过泛,没有研究焦点,根本无法完成,如“莎士比亚诗歌研究”;选题不能紧跟本专业研究前沿,过于陈旧,缺乏新意,如对颜色词的研究、英语习语跨文化比较等;有些选题与英语专业没有密切关系,相差甚远,如“中美婚姻观的比较”;有些选题未达到严格意义上“一人一题,不得重题”的要求,如“任务型教学法在初中英语词汇教学中的应用”和“任务型教学法在高中英语词汇教学中的应用”;实践性和应用性的选题比例不高,与50%的目标存在一定的差距。

(二)写作基本功不扎实,语言表达能力不够强毕业论文写作属于学术论文写作,需要较扎实的写作基本功和较高的语言表达能力,而大多数毕业论文在语言表达上都存在这样那样的问题,主要体现在专业术语不准确,书面语和口语混合使用,文字不通顺、表达不准确,汉式英语较多,串句、主谓不一致、结构不完整、悬垂现象、搭配错误等语法错误时有出现,甚至还有单词拼写错误、首字母大小写错误等细节问题。

(三)论文思路不清,逻辑混乱,思辨缺席毕业论文是学生围绕研究问题形成的一个立论正确、结构合理、思路清晰、逻辑性强、论证合理的语篇,而多数毕业论文思路不清、逻辑混乱、结构松散、论点不清、论证乏力,思辨缺席现象较为严重。黄源深指出思辨缺席对毕业论文的影响,“在二三十篇论文中难得有一两篇像样的,大多数论文都有这样那样的问题,往往论文的题目就暴露出很多思维上的负面信息。”[2]12

(四)体例不够统一,格式不够规范毕业论文属于正式文体,需要按照规定的体例和规范撰写,以显示其严谨性和规范性。有些学生没有意识到体例和格式的重要性,不注重论文写作规范,随心所欲地撰写,体例和格式较为混乱,主要体现在参考书目没有按照学校规定的APA格式撰写,文内引文格式混用,标题首字母大小写不恰当,字体、字号、行间距不符合规范,中英文标点符号混用等方面。

三、对策

(一)加强毕业论文选题指导,增设专业选修课程,建设论文选题库,多渠道拓宽选题范围。英语专业选题范围较广,主要包括语言学、文学、文化、教学、跨文化交际和翻译等方面,指导教师应该加强选题指导,避免题目过大、过泛和过旧。增设专业选修课程,扩宽学生视野,便于学生扩宽选题范围。另外,可以根据历年选题情况,结合指导教师专业特长,建设毕业论文选题库,供学生选题参考。最为重要的是,可将毕业论文选题与指导教师承担的各类教科研项目、毕业实习、大学生研究训练项目、大学生创业计划和大学生学科竞赛等相结合,更好地体现毕业论文的应用性和实践性。

(二)改革和完善专业课程体系,建设毕业论文课程群,做到英语写作四年不断线,夯实学生写作基本功。语言表达能力是英语专业学生的基本能力。庄智象曾指出,“既然称之为英语专业,那么对学生的英语语言能力方面应该有更高的要求。我认为这是英语专业学生基本的、首要的要求,怎么强调都不为过,而目前更显得必要。”[3]216而英语写作能力的培养绝非一朝一夕之事,是个循序渐进的过程,仅靠“学术论文写作”这门课程远远不够,需要调整专业课程体系,建设毕业论文课程群(包括英语基础写作、英语高级写作、英语语法、英语修辞和学术论文写作等课程),做到英语写作四年不断线,夯实学生写作基本功,提高学生语言表达能力,为能够写出高质量的毕业论文打下坚实的语言基础。

(三)注重培养学生的思辨能力,增强学生的创新意识,不断加强学生思维能力和创新能力的培养。钱宁指出,“我国高校英语专业本科生毕业论文写作中存在的根本问题之一在于学生的思维方式不合理。”[4]103因此,方琼强调“高校英语专业应重视学生思辨能力的培养,将其放在和传授知识、培养技能同等重要的位置。”[5]91要培养和提高学生的思辨能力,应该调整英语专业的课程结构,增加英语演讲、英语辩论等课程;任课教师应该更新教学理念,改变教学方法,课内加强逻辑思维训练;坚持“本科生导师制”,鼓励学生参与教师科研项目,高质量撰写学年论文,增强学生的科研意识,提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力;另外,鼓励和支持学生参加英语沙龙、专题讨论和英语演讲、英语辩论、英语写作等各类学科竞赛,增强学生的创新意识,不断培养学生的思维能力和创新能力。

(四)加强论文指导教师队伍建设,强化过程管理,确保毕业论文的质量。毕业论文质量是学生专业水平和创新能力的体现,更是指导教师学术视野和学术水平的体现,所以《高等学校毕业设计(论文)指导手册(外语卷)》指出,“高校外语专业的毕业论文写作是衡量、评估高校外语专业教学质量和水平的重要内容之一。”[6]3论文指导教师的水平直接影响到毕业论文的质量,应遴选具有丰富科研经验和实际指导经验的教师担任指导教师,加强对学生文献检索与搜集、选题、开题答辩、初稿、二稿、定稿和毕业答辩各个环节的指导,尤其是文献检索与搜集、研究方法、数据统计和数据分析方面的指导,强化论文写作过程的动态管理,确保毕业论文质量。另外,还需要规范毕业论文管理制度,优化毕业论文管理流程,健全毕业论文管理方式,提高毕业论文工作效率。毕业论文教材建设也是指导教师需要考虑的问题。张春芳曾指出,“英语毕业论文写作教材建设有待加强,目前国内关于学术论文(包括毕业论文)写作的中英文编著至少有20部,但是教师们仍然抱怨难以选到合适的教材。因此,指导教师要以应用型人才培养为导向,结合本校毕业论文的相关规定,编写符合专业特点、操作性和实践性强的毕业论文教材。

四、结语

毕业论文是英语专业人才培养的重要组成部分,而应用型人才培养为英语专业毕业论文提出了更高的要求。本文以滨州学院为例,探讨了应用型本科院校英语专业毕业论文存在的问题,主要体现在论文选题、语言表达、思辨能力和格式规范四个方面,并针对这些问题提出了相应的对策,以期为应用型本科院校英语专业毕业论文工作提供参考,实现应用型英语人才培养目标。

参考文献:

[1]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[Z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.

[2]黄源深.英语专业课程必须彻底改革—再谈“思辨缺席”[J].外语界,2010,(1):11-16.

[3]庄智象.外语教育名家谈[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2008.

[4]钱宁.浅析高校加强思维训练的重要性—以英语专业毕业论文写作为例[J].西北成人教育学报,2014,(4):100-103.

[5]方琼.英语专业本科生毕业论文中的思辨缺席[J].湖北第二师范学院学报,2013,(12):90-92.

[6]教育部高等教育司,北京市教育委员会.高等学校毕业设计(论文)指导手册•外语卷[Z].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.

本科毕业论文英文篇6

关键词: 英语专业 毕业论文管理 问题对策

毕业论文撰写是英语专业本科阶段课程设置的重要组成部分,是外语教学计划中一个非常重要的环节,也是培养专业学生独立工作能力、科学研究能力的一种综合训练,为学生以后从事工作和科学研究打下一个良好的基础。《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》明确指出:“毕业论文是考查学生综合能力、评价学生成绩的一个重要方式。毕业论文一般应用英语撰写,长度为3000-5000个单词,要求文字通顺、思路清晰、内容充实,有一定的独立见解。评分时除了考虑语言表达能力外,还应把独立见解和创新意识作为重要依据。各校要加强对学生撰写论文的指导和评审,使之对学生真正有所裨益,防止流于形式。”

诚然,对即将迎接国家本科评估的我院而言,本科毕业论文的组织工作、操作过程也是整个教学活动中不可缺少的迎评组成部分,做好毕业论文至关重要。不可否认,校方和系部已经在英语专业毕业论文规范上做出了很大的努力,然而,在我院英语专业毕业论文的管理中还存在一些问题,使得本科论文水平不高。笔者将通过对现有的毕业论文有关规定的分析及其对管理过程中存在的不足进行研究,从几方面提出改进意见,并提出适合英语专业特点的毕业论文管理办法。

一、学校相关管理制度中存在的问题及其对策

(一)《毕业设计(论文)与答辩环节质量标准及评价方案》并未对毕业生的论文撰写资格的要求进行规定。

就撰写要求而言,不管他有没有挂科,也不管他挂科多少,一般只要是毕业生都合格,全日制本科毕业班的学生无须具备其他条件就可参加毕业论文的写作。因此,做毕业论文的人数几乎占毕业班人数的百分之百,而且一般都能通过,不及格的人数极少。这导致无法体现学生实际的知识和能力,对毕业生的毕业论文的整体水平也是大打折扣的。所以我们可以对能否参加论文写作的学生与其学科能否及格挂钩,或者与其学分达到多少挂钩,或者可以设定课程论文或学期论文,并与是否通过了课程论文和学期论文挂钩。

(二)《毕业设计(论文)与答辩环节质量标准及评价方案》对指导老师的规定不切实际。

文件中规定:“指导老师必须随时掌握学生工作进度……每周至少指导所带学生的毕业设计(论文)工作两次。”对题目相同的学生很容易采用集中指导方式,但对于外语专业是一人一题,无法想象每周对每名学生单独指导2学时。2010届指导老师一般都带了7-8个学生,即使放下所有其他工作(这极不现实),导师指导8名学生的周工作量最少也达14-16学时(包括评阅有关材料,修改学生论文),更何况学校承认的工作量总共仅为13学时/学生。

(三)《毕业设计(论文)与答辩环节质量标准及评价方案》中对答辩要求欠缺。

答辩部分的第(3)点规定了“答辩小组均由专业教师组成,同时积极邀请专业基础课教师,基础课教师参加,每组答辩教师不少于5人……”但未规定交叉答辩,其实论文开题报告和答辩最好是避免导师与自己指导的学生分在一起,这样能更全面地体现学生专业能力,也能使答辩老师更民主、更自由地提出论文存在的问题。

二、系部论文管理中的不足之处及其对策

(一)格式模板不严谨和不固定。

1.按照学校的模板,表格与论文正文中文字的间距应为1.5倍,但系里面的模板有些表格未加说明。

2.注释与参考文献的格式说明不清楚。问题出在一是给出的例子是理工科的例子,二是标点符号的标注未标清楚,如注释中引用之文的出版年代与页码之间的标点符号应该是逗号还是冒号,都应该有详细的说明。理论上是,引用的专著用逗号,若引用的是期刊,其间就要用冒号。

3.模板反复变化。有时候交定稿的前几天,模板都会有所变化。这些诸如此类的小小细节和不断变化,弄得历届英语专业的学生和指导老师都对每年的论文设计模板头痛不已。对于学生而言,一次次地修改自己论文格式,不仅增加了学生不必要的经济负担,而且对写论文的目的更加模糊。同时,对老师而言,一次次的检查,增加了老师不必要的工作量。写作的过程原本是一个培养科学、严谨、诚实的治学态度的过程。然而,格式模板的反复变换说明学校、系部的不严谨,又怎么要求学生严谨?

这说明系部论文指导老师毕业论文的教学准备不充分,不妨组织专门的小组借鉴其他本科英语专业论文格式对现格式等进行研究和整改,反复检查或者邀请不同老师对整改好的论文格式检查是否有忽略之处,确定没有错误,面面俱到的时候再挂到网上,一旦挂到网上就不再轻易修改。

(二)论文启动时间不佳。

本系论文启动时间一直是在第八学期,只在今年,由于考虑到历届有学生为找工作在最后一学期内不能完成写作,特提前到了第7学期学生实习之后。其实,把毕业论文环节的工作放在本科阶段的最后一学期进行是正确的、占主流的、有优点的。

本科毕业论文英文篇7

关键词:专业英语 教学方法 改革

中图分类号:G642 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1674-098X(2017)02(c)-0187-02

英语是全世界分布最广泛的语言,也是国际交流中应用最多的语言,众多国际机构都以英语作为交流语言,绝大多数具有较高影响因子的期刊也将英语作为自己的刊物语言,或者将刊物所的摘要添加英语翻译。据统计,世界上超过80%的权威学术期刊都以英语作为自己的刊物语言[1],多个领域的研究前沿动态都是以英文报道,学好专业英语对提高学生学术素养的重要性不言而喻[2]。大学阶段一般高校都会开设两门英语课,公共英语和专业英语[3]。前者针对绝大部分专业授课,旨在提高学生的公共英语交流水平,在教学方式上几乎没有任何专业差异,大多数都是由英语专业的老师授课,而后者旨在提高学生的专业技能,熟悉自己主修专业的英语词汇及其表达方法,要求教师在熟悉英语的同时还需熟练地掌握专业知识,往往由英语较好的专业教师授课。普通英语是本科教育中的必修课,学习过程中学生往往迫于考试的压力和大学英语四级或六级等级考试的压力不得不竭尽全力学习以求考试通过,而专业英语常常只是作为一门专业选修课且考试大多以开卷的形式,对本科阶段的学生来说所面临的考试压力相对较小,因此常常得不到学生的重视。与此同时,相比普通英语的学习,学生在学习专业英语时由于专业性和科普性太强[4],公共英语学习中几乎从未出现的词汇众多,且材料化学专业在化学化工领域涉及面广,专业性强[5],部分学生表示在学习过程中经常听不懂、难以理解。又由于很多老师上课时仅仅以专业词汇或学术论文的翻译作为教学和考核的重点,致使学生对专业英语失去学习兴趣。因此,教师的教学方法对学生是否能够学好专业英语尤为重要,只有使学生了解到学习专业英语的乐趣,以及它对毕业设计的文献调研或者后期深造的重要性,才能让学生不再感到专业英语枯燥乏味,逐渐从词汇、段落和表达能力上学好专业英语。

1 词汇方面指导学生从记英文简称开始

词汇是语言的基本母核,学习任何语言都是以W习词汇开始,专业英语也不例外。相比公共英语词汇大多源于普通社会交往和生活交流,材料化学专业英语词汇往往在普通英语读物中难以见到且具有较为复杂的表达方式,常常令学生望而生畏。在作者所带的材料化学专业的学生中,部分普通英语较为优异、词汇量较大的学生也认为材料化学专业英语词汇没有普通英语词汇中的规律,难以形成较为系统的记忆。由于材料化学专业英语的词汇大多数为专业词汇,涵盖高分子材料、无机材料、复合材料等众多材料的专有名词,数量众多,对大三年级的本科生初学者来说很难形成较为系统的记忆,因此在学习过程中很难激发学生的兴趣。而在部分材料化学专业课程中,特别是《仪器分析》课程的教学中时常需要穿插以英文首字母为简称的仪器分析方法,如X射线衍射法(X-ray diffraction)简称为XRD,扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscopy)简称为SEM等。同样地,该类简称在高分子材料学中也十分常见,如聚乙烯(polyethylene)简称为PE,聚氯乙烯(Polyvinyl chloride)简称为PVC等。相比复杂的专业词汇的英文全称,英文简称显然更容易被学生牢记,并且英文简称在实际生活中也应用较多,学生除了能够从课本中学到专业词汇外,也能比较容易地在生活中了解到某种材料的英文简称,进而了解该材料的英文全称,由此形成联想记忆,方可较为容易地寻找到材料化学专业英语词汇的一般规律,增加专业英语的词汇量。因此在教学过程中,对刚刚进入材料化学专业英语学习的大三学生,可先帮助其回忆专业课上学过的英文简称,进而对其解释该简称的英文全称,一方面可带领学生复习之前所学的专业内容,另一方面可由此增加学生对专业英语的兴趣,使学生在专业英语学习过程中能够有成就感。

本科毕业论文英文篇8

一、毕业设计(论文)的组成要件

一份完整的毕业设计(论文)应由以下几部分组成:

1、封面(文本材料);2、中文摘要、中文关键词;3、英文摘要、英文关键词;4、目录;5、正文;6、参考文献(或、及注释);7、谢辞;8、封面(过程管理材料);9、任务书;10、开题报告;11、文献综述;12、外文文献翻译(附原文);13、工作记录卡;14、评语表;15、答辩记录及成绩评定表;16、其他(可附)。

二、毕业设计(论文)的撰写要求

1、封面(文本材料和过程管理材料):参考学校样本,各二级学院内部统一。

2、中文摘要、中文关键词:中文摘要一般不超过300个汉字,中文关键词一般为3—6个。

3、英文摘要、英文关键词:英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要相一致;英文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。

说明:外国语学院学生毕业论文的第2、3项顺序对调。

4、目录:在以下三种三级标题序次中酌情选用一种,并与正文内容相对应,准确注明页码。

第一种序次:第一章、第一节、一……

第二种序次:一、(一)、1.……

第三种序次:1、1.1、1.1.1……

下载WORD格式要求文档:

毕业设计(论文)撰写规范

开题报告

外文翻译

文献综述

5、文本主体:

毕业设计(论文)的撰写要符合一般学术论文的写作规范,主要包括:

(1)论文标题:标题应简短、明确、有概括性;字数要适当,一般不宜超过20字。如果有些细节必须放进标题,可以分成主标题和副标题。

(2)学生所在学院、专业;学生姓名;指导教师姓名

(3)本科毕业设计(论文)的文本主体字数在10000字左右,专科毕业设计(论文)的文本主体字数在3000字以上。毕业设计(论文)内容要理论联系实际,涉及到他人的观点、统计数据或计算公式的要有出处(引注),涉及计算内容的数据要求准确。

(4)参考文献(或、及注释):

参考文献是毕业设计(论文)不可缺少的组成部分,它反映毕业设计(论文)的取材来源、同时也是作者对他人知识成果的承认和尊重。

参考文献按正文中出现的先后次序列于文后;以“参考文献:”(左顶格)或“[参考文献]”(居中)作为标识;参考文献的序号与正文中的指示序号格式一致。各类参考文献条目的编排格式及示例如下:

a.专著、学位论文、报告

[序号]主要责任者. 文献题名[文献类型标识]. 出版地: 出版者, 出版年. 起止页码(任选).

[1] 刘国钧, 陈业, 王兴因. 图书馆目录[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1987. 13-17.

b.  期刊文章

[序号]主要责任者. 文献题名[J].  刊名, 年, 卷(期):  起止页码.

[2]  何保田. 读顾城<南明史>[J].  中国史研究, 1998, (3): 167-169.

[3]  金显一, 王昌伙, 江磊.  一种用于检测的的技术[J].  清华大学学报(自然科学版), 1993, 33(3):  34-39.

c.  报纸文章

[序号]  主要责任者. 文献题名[N].  报纸名,  出版日期(版次).

[4]  谢田.  创造学习的新思路[N].  人民日报, 1998-12-25(10).

本科毕业论文英文篇9

关键词:市县;大学英语;翻译;差异

中图分类号:G642.0 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1674-9324(2015)32-0114-02

一、引言

迄今为止,有不少关于英语翻译的研究,比如翻译能力及其六因素,交互式教学法在大学英语翻译教学中的应用,翻译教学中的问题,影响学生英语学习行为的因素,等等,但对不同生源地学生在大学英语翻译成绩中的研究不多见,因此,本研究试图探析市县高中毕业生在大学英语翻译成绩中的差异,目的是为了提高大学英语翻译教学。

二、文献回顾

穆雷(2006)介绍了翻译能力及其六个因素,详细分析了目前国际、国内对翻译能力的研究现状,从而找出了翻译测试的评分依据。伍小君(2007)以建构主义理论为基础,简要介绍了交互式教学模式,探讨了交互式教学法在大学英语翻译教学中的应用,弥补了传统教学法的不足。李忠华(2007)综合分析研究了目前我国大学英语翻译教学的现状,研究了翻译教学中存在的问题,提出了一些相应的对策。林跃武、胡小林(2008)从理论基础和原则入手简要介绍了翻译教学的有序性以及有序性特征在翻译教学中的应用。有序性翻译课堂教学模式设计,使翻译理论与实践有效地相结合,提高了学生的翻译水平。庞雨滨(2012)以360名在校大学生为研究对象,从独立性、主动性和有效性对学生的自主学习进行了分析研究,研究结果表明学生的学习动机和策略等对其学习行为影响比较大。宋阳、王焱(2014)从家庭城乡背景差异入手,采用问卷调查的方式,分析了高校城乡学生学习英语后自我认同的变化,研究结果显示:城乡学生学习英语后自我认同变化基本一致,通过比较男、女城乡生源的自我认同变化发现,城市男生明显大于乡镇男生。董莉荣(2015)针对目前大学英语教师的科研现状和问题,从科研理念、知识结构、教学工作入手分析了制约大学英语教师科研素质提高的原因,并提议从学习国外经验、改革管理体制、科研途径等方面进行改革。

三、研究方法

研究目的是为了探讨市级以上(含)高中毕业生和县级高中毕业生在大学英语翻译成绩中是否有显著性差异,并回答以下问题:在大学英语翻译成绩中,市级以上(含)高中毕业生是否高于县级高中毕业生?

研究对象是某医学院校2014级新生中随机抽取的五个本科班的302名学生,分别为2014级中西医结合临床医学,2014级医学影像A、B班,2014级中医学(骨伤科学方向)A、B班。笔者对所有研究对象进行了问卷调查,其中65人是市级以上(含)高中毕业生,其余237人是县级高中毕业生。

2014级本科生的大学英语期末考试试题是在学院已经建立好的试题库中随机抽取的,笔者收集了所有研究对象的成绩,并运用SPSS 17.0对所有数据进行了分析研究。

四、研究结果

2014级本科生的大学英语期末考试试题由作文、听力、阅读理解及翻译四个题型组成,满分为100分,考试时间为130分钟。Part IV是翻译,时间为30分钟,占20分,段落的汉译英为考试内容。

表1表明65名市级以上(含)高中毕业生在大学英语翻译成绩中的均值为10.88,标准差3.51,均值的标准误差为0.43,其余237名县级高中毕业生在大学英语翻译成绩中的均值为11.31,标准差3.70,均值的标准误差为0.24,从表中可以看出县级高中毕业生的均值略高于市级以上(含)高中毕业生。

表2显示对市级以上(含)高中毕业生和县级高中毕业生的大学英语翻译成绩进行了独立样本T检验,方差方程的Levene检验表明显著性概率(Sig.)为0.557,大于0.05的显著性水平,这说明市级以上(含)高中毕业生和县级高中毕业生在变量上的方差是相等的,所以需要查看“假设方差相等”一行的数据作为t检验的结果数据进行分析,市级以上(含)高中毕业生和县级高中毕业生在大学英语翻译成绩中的双尾t检验的显著性概率为0.396,大于0.05,这表明市级以上(含)高中毕业生和县级高中毕业生在大学英语翻译成绩中没有显著性差异。

五、结语

基于以上研究分析得出以下结论:虽然县级高中毕业生在大学英语翻译成绩中的均值略高于市级以上(含)高中毕业生,但是独立样本t检验中Sig.(双侧)显示市级以上(含)高中毕业生和县级高中毕业生之间没有显著性差异,所以,市级以上(含)高中毕业生和县级高中毕业生在大学英语翻译成绩中无显著性差异。

本文难免也有不足之处,研究对象仅选自于一所医学院校的302名本科生,市级以上(含)高中毕业生和县级高中毕业生比例不太均匀,建议未来的研究在城乡学生的划分方面更科学合理,这样研究结果对大学英语翻译教学可能更具有实践指导意义。

参考文献:

[1]秦晓晴.外语教学研究中的定量数据分析[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2003.

[2]穆雷.翻译能力与翻译测试[J].上海翻译,2006,(2):43-47.

[3]伍小君.“交互式”英语翻译教学模式建构[J].外语学刊,2007,137(4):121-123.

[4]李忠华.大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策[J].外语与外语教学,2007,222(9):47-49.

[5]林跃武,胡小林.翻译课堂教学的有序性研究[J].江西教育学院学报,2008,29(5):58-61.

[6]庞雨滨.大学英语网络自主学习行为调查与分析[J].大连大学学报,2012,33(6):136-140.

本科毕业论文英文篇10

关键词:商务英语;本科毕业论文;教学改革

中图分类号:H3191 文献标识码:A文章编号:2095-3283(2016)06-0148-04

一、从“商务英语”到“英语商务”的转变

(一)社会经济发展对于英语人才需求的变化

近年来,许多英语教育专家指出中国社会对商务英语人才的需求已经从单纯的对外贸易型人才转向能适应中国经济国际化需求的高层次复合型英语人才(王立非,2011;叶兴国,2014)。随着我国企业“走出去”步伐的加快,亟需熟悉企业营运模式,能在营销、生产、管理、金融等岗位上发挥作用的商务人才。对于这类人才而言,熟练掌握英语交流技能是入职的必要条件。然而根据调查,目前我国在海外工作的人员虽然已超过300万,但在各行业内能熟练运用外语与国外客户洽谈业务、签订合同的人才非常稀缺(蔡基刚,2015)。

(二)商务英语专业的发展和课程体系的转变

商务英语起源于20世纪50年代的经贸英语,其核心课程是外贸英语函电、外贸英语会话、进出口实务等,其任务是为对外贸易事业培养专门的外贸人才(叶兴国,2014)。进入90年代以后,随着越来越多的外资企业来到中国,对人才的需求逐步转向兼具商务知识和英语能力的复合型人才。商务英语逐渐从一门课程转变为一个培养方向,并成长为一个本科专业。在这个过程中,其课程设置、教学模式、人才培养目标在不断更新和完善。

黄伟新(2005)提出从商务英语(Business English)到英语商务(Business in English)逐步过渡的本科教学模式,即:在第四学期开始以英语教授商务课程,并在第八学期用英语撰写商务题目的毕业论文。这种模式将英语作为专业课程的“载体”,发挥英语的“工具性”作用,培养“英语能力和商务专业知识技能均强的复合型人才”。2006年教育部批准目录外试办商务英语本科专业,2007年中国国际贸易协会商务英语研究会提出商务英语本科的课程体系应该由基础英语、商务英语技能、商务专业三大模块构成(叶兴国,2014),管理学、经济学等商务课程首次被明确列入课程体系。2009年出版的《高等学校商务英语专业本科教学要求》(试行)进一步提出,商务英语专业高年级阶段的教学重点应该放在商务专业知识的提高上,要选择性地学习经济学、管理学、国际商法、营销等课程,商务知识课程在四年的总学时中应占有20%~30%的比例(陈准民等,2009)。2012年,商务英语专业被正式列入教育部本科专业基本目录。教育部最新制定的 《高等学校商务英语专业本科教学质量国家标准》 (以下简称《商英国标》) 更是将商务知识与技能模块的比例提高到了25%~35%。由此可见,商务知识类课程在商务英语专业课程体系中的重要作用已被正式确认。商务知识课程是打造该专业的跨学科特性、培养优秀的英语商务人才的重要保障。

二、当前商务英语专业本科毕业论文与《商英国标》要求的差距

在人才培养过程中,毕业论文(设计)是非常重要的环节。《商英国标》指出,毕业论文应重点考察学生商务英语和专业知识的综合应用,以及实践与创新能力。毕业论文可采取实践类或学术类,其中实践类包含商业计划、营销方案等项目报告和行业、企业、市场分析等调研报告。

然而,根植于英语语言文学专业应用语言学学科的商务英语专业在学生毕业论文的指导上要突破传统语言学的窠臼,应用商务知识研究商务类实践课题无疑是一巨大挑战,目前在这方面的教学研究很少。陆道夫(2010)《在英语专业学士论文写作教程》中提出应将语言学、交际学、机构研究等理论应用到商务英语研究中,采用修辞分析法、机构话语法、语料库等方法来研究商务交际事件中商务话语的特点、其文化背景及对相关群体或个体的影响。这意味着本科生毕业论文的研究对象仍是语言现象而不是商务现象。笔者在2015年一次全国性的商务英语教学研讨会上对参会的50余所院校进行的问卷调查也证实了这一现状的存在。对于“贵校商务英语论文选题的方向包括哪些”这个问题,选择市场营销、国际贸易等商务课题的不到30%,而选择各类商务文本翻译、商务信函、商务话语分析的占60%以上。由此可见,当前虽然少数条件较好的大学,如对外经济贸易大学和广东外语外贸大学已经开展了用英语撰写商务题材论文的实践,对于大多数院校,由于受到教师学术背景的影响,商务英语专业的论文仍然是经院式的,英语依旧主要是研究对象而不是研究的载体。

毕业论文是培养本科生创新思维能力和研究型学习能力的重要环节,毕业论文的研究和写作过程是对学生在本科阶段所学习的知识、技能、方法的综合应用能力的检验。作为商务英语专业课程体系的重要组成部分,管理学、营销学、经济学等学科知识如果在毕业论文中得不到体现,显然不符合课程体系设计理念和人才培养目标。因此,引导和帮助学生从所学的商务知识出发、应用商务研究方法、用英文撰写具有实践意义的商务题材的毕业论文,是商务英语专业培养跨学科、应用型人才的不可或缺的环节,也是商务英语专业教师必须面对的挑战。

三、商务题材论文与传统语言学题材论文的区别

(一)研究对象和研究目的的区别

商务题材的论文其研究对象为商务领域中的各种活动和事件,如生产管理、市场营销、人力资源、竞争优势等。从研究目的来看,商务研究主要分为探索性研究(exploratory research), 描述性研究(descriptive research)和因果关系研究(causal research)(Zikmumd et al 2010:54-61;Saunders et al 2010:137-140)。探索性研究发现和评估企业经营管理中潜在的机会和威胁,从而帮助决策者抓住机遇或化解威胁;描述性研究的目的是对某种商务现象,如目标市场、客户满意度、营销活动等进行细致的描述,从而让决策者深入了解该现象,为正确评估经营效果提供依据;因果关系研究旨在发现某个商务现象,如员工流动率过高、销售额下降等现象产生的原因,从而提出针对性的解决方案。因此,商务研究的目的是为企业的经营活动提供实证数据,帮助企业决策者做出理性的决策,其研究对象涵盖商务活动的方方面面,因而它不同于以商务语言(如:谈判、信函、广告)为研究对象,以提高商务沟通技能和效率为目的的传统语言学题材论文。

(二)研究方法的区别

商务题材论文通常采用实证研究。由于各个企业关注的信息不同,商务研究通常需要采集第一手数据。受到研究的时效性、资金投入等限制因素,数据采集通常采用问卷调查、观察、专题小组和深度访谈的形式。在研究设计上,商务研究最常见的设计是案例分析。商务研究极少采用修辞分析、话语分析、语料库、文本比较、实验等传统语言学的研究方法。

(三)理论基础的区别

商务题材论文研究的基础是商务专业知识而非翻译、语言学知识。根据学校开设的课程,商务题材论文应以管理学、营销学、经济学、国际商法等领域的一个或多个理论做研究框架,在深入了解该理论的内容、发展演变、意义和局限的基础上,将它应用于当今社会的商务实践中,提高学生的理论研究能力、实践应用能力和批评性思维能力,为学生今后的就业或读研深造打下坚实的基础。

四、适合商务英语专业本科生的商务研究模式

本科生在进行论文写作和研究的时候往往受到很多客观条件的限制,如时间、经费、经验、知识面、社会资源等。因此,很多商务研究设计,如行动研究、纵向追踪研究并不适合学生操作。笔者通过多年的商务英语本科论文指导实践,参考Brown(2006)对于商务研究的分类,提炼出四种适合商务英语专业本科生的、具有较强可操作性的商务研究模式。

(一)理论应用型研究

检验学生对理论的理解是否到位,最佳的方法就是看他们能否正确地应用理论去分析商务领域里的实际问题。如学生在市场营销课程中可能会接触到多种定价理论,结合当今市场的热点,如苹果系列产品的热销,学生可能会觉得苹果的热销和它的高价策略之间或许有一定的关系。在这种情况下,学生可以搜集并详细研读关于高价策略的文献资料,将相关的理论用于对苹果系列产品定价策略的分析以解释苹果公司是如何通过高价策略树立品牌形象、赢得客户青睐的。

理论应用型研究通常选取业内颇有影响力的成功案例为研究对象,用相关理论去解释这种成功,从而将朴素的经验上升到理论的高度,以期为同类企业提供参考。当然,学生也可以选择对知名企业失败的案例进行分析,从中总结教训。理论应用型研究的选题范围广,与社会热点结合紧密,有很强的现实意义。此外,因为这类研究主要依靠文献资料和二手数据,因此很容易操作,往往是学生的首选类型。

(二)解决问题型研究

解决问题型研究是从实际问题出发,通过对问题所表现出的现象进行调查和分析,初步诊断出问题产生的原因,再运用所学的商务知识,找出能解决问题的理论和方法。解决问题型研究的选题通常来源于学生的实习经历。如学生在实习过程中发现该企业的销售人员满意度低,流动率高。通过观察和交流,学生可能会把这一问题归咎为绩效考核系统中激励机制的缺失。于是,通过对激励理论和案例的研究,该学生能够针对这个企业提出一套有效的激励方案来解决当前存在的问题。

解决问题型的研究不仅对企业具有实际意义,而且能够极大提高学生创造性地应用所学知识解决实际问题的能力,进而可以锻炼学生为解决实际问题而进行研究性学习的能力。对于有条件的学生,教师应当积极引导他们采取这种方式学以致用,以用促学。

(三)检验模型型研究

“检验模型型研究”是另一种类型的“理论应用型研究”,其研究基础虽然也是商务理论或模型,但由于商业世界变化万千,现有的理论和模型未必适合新出现的商务现象或特定的市场、产品或企业实践,因此“检验模型型研究”的目的是检验现有的理论或模型在新的情况下的适用性,并且根据实际状况提出对模型的修正。

如激烈的市场竞争促使新的营销理论层出不穷。代表信息技术时代营销革命的体验式营销很快风靡全球,学者们为此建立了模型。但是,发源于IT行业的这种新型营销模式是否适合传统行业,或者当今更新潮的互联网行业呢?对于这类问题的研究就是“检验模型型”的研究。学生可以从一个或多个体验式营销模型出发,设计问卷或采访提纲,然后以某个传统企业或新型互联网企业为研究对象,收集一手收据,再通过数据分析验证现有模型是否适用于这个特定的企业实践,哪些方面需要做出调整。“检验模型型研究”不仅是对理论的应用,更是对理论的发展,是对学生批判性思维能力的锻炼。

(四)评估效果型研究

企业为在激烈的市场竞争中胜出,会不断推出新的产品、营销手段、管理措施等。然而这些新举措的效果如何、是否达到预期目标、存在哪些问题是企业决策者最为关心的。“评估效果型”研究通过数据采集,获得相关人群对于这些新事物的态度,从而评估其实施的效果,为决策者下一步的决策提供依据。

“评估效果型”研究的选题可以来源于学生自身的经历, 也可以来源于学生感兴趣的商业世界的热点现象和热门话题,如“从大学生消费心理探究天猫双十一狂欢活动促销手段的效果”、“网购冲击下实体书店体验式营销策略实施效果研究及发展建议―以XX书店为例”、“O2O模式下汽车售后服务市场的发展前景研究”等。

“评估效果型研究”的成果往往是对所研究课题的经验或教训的总结、提出改进意见,为决策者或同类企业的类似活动提供借鉴。由于我们所处的商业世界变化剧烈,新的话题、热点层出不穷,为此类研究的选题提供了无限的空间;同时,通过这类选题,学生能够主动关注和学习新生事物,有利于扩展他们的眼界,与时俱进。

五、商务题材论文在复合型和应用型人才培养中的价值

《商英国标》中明确提出,商务英语专业的人才培养目标为“具备英语应用能力、商务实践能力、跨文化交流能力、思辨与创新能力、自主学习能力”的复合型、应用型人才。用英语撰写商务题材的论文能够从以下四个方面促进这个目标的达成。

(一)促进高级英语技能的提高,突出英语专业特色

用英语撰写学术论文对母语非英语的所有人都是一巨大挑战。除了写论文必须经历的选题、构思、研究设计、数据采集、数据分析、结论提炼等挑战外,语言本身也构成巨大障碍。在这一过程中,学生需要大量阅读英语文献,阅读量和文献难度远远超过平时课程作业和考核的要求。在阅读中,学生不仅仅要完成对所研究的课题理论知识的积累,而且要有意识地学习和积累专业术语的英文表达,体会和模仿学术语言的句型风格。

在写作中,学生需要大量用到释义、总结、描述、分析等英语专业着力培养的高级语言技能,同时学生的英语表达能力、思维能力、逻辑能力也会得到锻练和提高。这些高层次的能力能够为学生未来在职场和学术领域拓宽上升的空间,正是商务英语专业毕业生区别于取得了大学英语四、六级证书的商科毕业生的重要方面。

(二)促进商务学习与英语学习的结合,锻炼用英语获取新知识的学习能力

撰写毕业论文仅仅靠课堂上教师传授的知识显然不够。完成任何一个课题的论文,都必须对该课题所涉及的领域、相关的理论、所选择的案例有较为深入的了解。要做到这点,学生必须通过网络、图书馆、学术数据库等方式查阅大量资料,这一过程锻炼了文献检索能力、信息收集能力;更重要的是,在理解和掌握这些文献资料的过程中,学生自主学习的能力得以提升。如果所阅读的资料是英文的,则实现了商务知识和英语语言能力的无缝对接,深度训练了学生用英语获取新知识的能力。

(三)促进学科知识的应用,打造商务实践能力和思辨能力

如前文所述,《商英国标》中明确提出了商务知识(包括经济学、管理学、国际营销、国际金融等) 是商务英语专业知识体系的重要组成部分。不过“纸上得来终觉浅”,采取本文推荐的四种商务研究模式设计研究方案、写作商务题材的论文时,学生可以选取自己最感兴趣商务学科知识进行深度钻研,并且将这些知识应用于对社会经济中发生的热点事件、典型案例、企业实践的解读和分析,结合实证研究数据,提出自己的观点和主张,从而批判性地建构属于个人的知识体系。

(四)促进思维方式与国际接轨,为未来的职场晋升打下坚实基础

终生学习在当今社会已经不仅仅是一部分人的生活理念,而是职场生存的基本法则。大型跨国企业对于市场调研非常重视,往往斥巨资聘请专业调研机构为其服务。随着中国企业开拓国际市场步伐的加快,十分需要懂得商务研究方法、英语娴熟、能用英语阅读、撰写符合国际规范的研究报告的人才。而企业的高管也必须具有能看懂、用好这样的研究报告的基本素质。在本科阶段用英语撰写的商务论文,从架构、语言到格式都遵循西方学界的标准,这样高起点、高标准的训练将为学生终生的学习和职场的发展垫定坚实的基础。

六、结语

综上所述,商务英语专业的毕业生开展商务研究、用英语撰写商务论文,不仅势在必行,而且切实可行。传统语言学、英美文学背景的商务英语专业的教师也需要本着终生学习的原则,通过进修、自学、与商科专业教师合作等方式突破自身学术背景的束缚,积极引导学生做商务题材的毕业论文,促进《商英国标》提出的人才培养目标的达成,为学生就业竞争能力的提高、未来职业生涯的发展创造更好的条件。

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